Fattening meat goats, including the year or out of lamb and sheep Lao fattening sheep. Fattening lambs year winter forage can reduce the pressure to reduce feeding costs and increase slaughter rates. Laocan fattening sheep and goats can improve out of school-age ewes ratio and reduce mortality and improve the economic benefits of raising goats.
one sheep fattening sheep preparation before
field, specialized households sheep sheep production should be established at the beginning of planning, organizing flock of appropriate scale , to castration, deworming and pasture planning for fattening in preparation.
1, sheep preparation: the winter and spring will not be sheep for fattening lambs together. conditional sheep farm production can be organized, each batch of 500m2000 only; pastoral 200m400 may be kept per household only; agricultural areas may be kept per household 30m50. rearing conditions, human and material resources are good breeders, but also keeping the number be increased.
2, plans to invest fattening sheep fattening prior health check after all, no patient can be carried out fattening.
3, Finishing Sheep should be classified groups. mutton points and big mutton lamb two categories, the two types, in addition to age differences , there are sex and species differences. their metabolism and feed intake, digestion, absorption and transformation functions are different. To make all kinds of fattening sheep can get the best results and highest efficiency, we invested in the sheep fattening before you were their age and sex groups, big performance difference if the species should be separated into different species of sheep.
4, Finishing Sheep fattening in the input should be carried out before de-worming, dipping, vaccinations and hoof repair to ensure the smooth progress fattening.
5, early maturing varieties of 8 months, late-maturing varieties more than 10 months of age and large ram ram, castrated before fattening in the input, so that does not produce the smell of mutton lamb taste and is conducive to fattening.
6, for fattening before weighing in order to end with fattening fattening effect of load testing and combination of benefits.
7, Finishing Sheep or 8m10 in the autumn to early winter months when the slaughter. < br> Second, the fattening way
1, grazing fattening
(1) choice of a good grazing place. according to the different situations of natural pasture, animal husbandry, to determine the appropriate place and manner of release material. natural grassland can be divided into forest, grassland , grass, grassland, shrub grassland and scattered grassland. fattening of grazing, should try to choose a good grazing, adequate use of wild grass and bushes growing thick foliage in summer and fall characteristics of goats grazing fattening of work to do.
(3) grazing fattening Note: with the group grazing, were separated from the sheep, the sheep do not stray, to prevent the loss of sheep and goats; prevent damage to trees and trampling crops; to prevent animal damage and feeding poisonous plants; periodic de-worming, dipping to prevent parasites; Tim mineral nutrients in food or Buwei salt bricks.
2, Goats will be fattening fattening shed completely within the Yang She fed the sheep get higher daily gain in a short time to achieve the purpose of fattening. This method turnover is quick, producing meat, high economic efficiency, suitable for intensive , factory production and use of non-grazing pasture areas. fattening shed key technology is based on the nutritional needs of goats mixed feed preparation, feeding methods and use of scientific management.
East Jiaxiang large supply of cattle and sheep farming cooperative beef cattle, sheep, breeding cattle, Gailiangrouniu, calves, Luxi cattle, Simmental beef cattle, Charolais beef cattle, Limousin beef cattle, Finishing Sheep, sheep, sheep, Asian Mongolian gazelle, Han sheep, wave Seoul goats, Dorper sheep, goats, Sheep, sheep, Mongolian gazelle, Jia Ziniu, gray goats, black goats and white goats.
Wednesday, December 29, 2010
Tuesday, December 28, 2010
Boer goat breeding center in Jiangsu
Boer goat breeding center in Jiangsu
The base was established in 2005, Jiangsu Province, the provincial Boer goats and Boer goat breeding farm improved technology service center. Pizhou Nianzhuang base is located in the town, transport facilities, is Huang-Huai Region goat and the Boer goat's largest trading markets, daily trading volume more than 3000.
Pizhou a sheep county, with high quality Xuhuai white goat, Boer goat is the first county to introduce the Base is the base of the launch of the Boer goat breeding sheep major joint city cooperation in the establishment of large fields and sheep, after four years of operation, the center has more than ten provinces from all customers in Boer goats, Huanghuai white goat , the generation of hybrid goats only two million, strict quality control by the majority of farmers at home. The base of the introduction of the world since 1997, good meat goat breeds mm since the Boer goat, after nearly a decade of development and capital investment has taken shape, with large-scale breeding facilities and pasture breeding farm house fifty acres of land, four hundred sheep and goats only pure, hybrid sheep for a thousand generations only, the use of the face of the country to provide the following services:
1, to provide long-eared type, long body, the South African Department of Public purebred Boer goats, sheep;
2, to provide goat hybrid sheep generation, second generation, third generation , four generations, five generations;
3, to provide improved sheep stud ewes; Xuhuai white goat stud ewes; supply for raw meat goat and sheep fattening the public (for farming);
4, to provide sheep disease prevention and control of disinfection, vaccination, deworming, treatment drugs; treatment of sheep infectious or parasitic diseases;
5, to carry out goat feeding and management science free technical training, extension bed and sheep, on a regular basis insect, disease prevention and treatment groups, with the feed, fast fattening sheep and other new technologies; sheep technology supporting the supply of scientific medicine, vaccines, premix;
6, to carry out meat goat estrus synchronization, embryo transfer and technical training, technical services, vaginal suppository, LH
7, sheep account for free food and accommodation options, arrange transportation vehicles and quarantine procedures, provide long-term after-sales service; can come to the greater number of technical guidance, on behalf of the employment of skilled husbandry staff. on the ability of breeders without sales contracts signed recovery to the market price and the sheep and the sheep recovered Hedonic Price.
welcome agents around the country and major agricultural fields of farmers to come to visit and introduction.
The base was established in 2005, Jiangsu Province, the provincial Boer goats and Boer goat breeding farm improved technology service center. Pizhou Nianzhuang base is located in the town, transport facilities, is Huang-Huai Region goat and the Boer goat's largest trading markets, daily trading volume more than 3000.
Pizhou a sheep county, with high quality Xuhuai white goat, Boer goat is the first county to introduce the Base is the base of the launch of the Boer goat breeding sheep major joint city cooperation in the establishment of large fields and sheep, after four years of operation, the center has more than ten provinces from all customers in Boer goats, Huanghuai white goat , the generation of hybrid goats only two million, strict quality control by the majority of farmers at home. The base of the introduction of the world since 1997, good meat goat breeds mm since the Boer goat, after nearly a decade of development and capital investment has taken shape, with large-scale breeding facilities and pasture breeding farm house fifty acres of land, four hundred sheep and goats only pure, hybrid sheep for a thousand generations only, the use of the face of the country to provide the following services:
1, to provide long-eared type, long body, the South African Department of Public purebred Boer goats, sheep;
2, to provide goat hybrid sheep generation, second generation, third generation , four generations, five generations;
3, to provide improved sheep stud ewes; Xuhuai white goat stud ewes; supply for raw meat goat and sheep fattening the public (for farming);
4, to provide sheep disease prevention and control of disinfection, vaccination, deworming, treatment drugs; treatment of sheep infectious or parasitic diseases;
5, to carry out goat feeding and management science free technical training, extension bed and sheep, on a regular basis insect, disease prevention and treatment groups, with the feed, fast fattening sheep and other new technologies; sheep technology supporting the supply of scientific medicine, vaccines, premix;
6, to carry out meat goat estrus synchronization, embryo transfer and technical training, technical services, vaginal suppository, LH
7, sheep account for free food and accommodation options, arrange transportation vehicles and quarantine procedures, provide long-term after-sales service; can come to the greater number of technical guidance, on behalf of the employment of skilled husbandry staff. on the ability of breeders without sales contracts signed recovery to the market price and the sheep and the sheep recovered Hedonic Price.
welcome agents around the country and major agricultural fields of farmers to come to visit and introduction.
Monday, December 27, 2010
Beast beast back tears speak live online talk about the past
Domestic supermodel, the popular online beauty tears of emotion. back to Pong on the first single, the image is never too bad.
sex video for exposure, but disappeared some time in the , exposed belly sexy clothes, the embodiment of a network game
Although the atmosphere and moving, but the mainland media, but unsparing, poisonous tongue that known as the online game industry.
It was noted that although the Internet and media celebrities such as Sister Lotus, a poor image, poor word of mouth Internet users, but not big money, and now my sister lived in a villa hibiscus too! not by common sense, but the cards can make big money, so many people outraged, but there are more and more people want to follow suit since the.
as Sister Lotus, angel sister, chubby, heaven brother, and other Internet and media celebrities girl in February, in fact, have a professional network behind the promoter It is understood that the mainland about 1,000 network marketing companies, the number of participants at least 10 million, are Internet and media celebrities, and network services to the target promoter, and as Internet users in China exceeded 400 million, network marketing is to meet with an outbreak of the era, The chaos has followed.
sex video for exposure, but disappeared some time in the , exposed belly sexy clothes, the embodiment of a network game
Although the atmosphere and moving, but the mainland media, but unsparing, poisonous tongue that known as the online game industry.
It was noted that although the Internet and media celebrities such as Sister Lotus, a poor image, poor word of mouth Internet users, but not big money, and now my sister lived in a villa hibiscus too! not by common sense, but the cards can make big money, so many people outraged, but there are more and more people want to follow suit since the.
as Sister Lotus, angel sister, chubby, heaven brother, and other Internet and media celebrities girl in February, in fact, have a professional network behind the promoter It is understood that the mainland about 1,000 network marketing companies, the number of participants at least 10 million, are Internet and media celebrities, and network services to the target promoter, and as Internet users in China exceeded 400 million, network marketing is to meet with an outbreak of the era, The chaos has followed.
Sunday, December 26, 2010
State Council issued the measures to implement the western development policy advice
Western Development on the implementation of certain policies and measures opinions
(Western Development Office of the State Council, August 28, 2001)
implementing the western development strategy in central and western regions to speed up the development of the CPC Central Committee vision Overview Global made a major decision. According to the implementation of views.
one, the scope of policy measures
(a) of the western development policy measures and the implementation of a number of views of the scope of application, including Chongqing Municipality, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet, Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps single) and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. (hereinafter referred to these areas: the western region). in other parts of the ethnic autonomous prefectures (Western Hunan Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei Province, Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Jilin Province, Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture), in practical work, mutatis mutandis, to take care of the relevant policy measures.
Second, efforts to increase construction funding
(b) increase Construction of the central budget funds, including the central capital investment funds, treasury bonds for construction funds for the proportion of the western region. state policy bank loans, international financial organizations and foreign government preferential loans, while adhering to the principles of lending conditions, as much as possible in the Western project areas, to increasing the proportion of the west.
(c) the new arrangements for the west country major infrastructure projects, mainly be funded by the central financial construction funds, and other special construction funds, bank loans and use of foreign capital and enterprise self-financing solution, leaving the funding gap, local governments in land use, and so actively cooperate with the fee waiver. to concentrate on building out a number of projects vital to western development, such as the focus of the project. railways, transportation, water conservancy, agriculture, forestry, information industry and other departments in arranging funds for construction, we must continue to improve the key projects for the proportion of the western region.
three priority projects
(V ) to the guidance of scientific planning to play both planning and market mechanisms in resource allocation role, the layout of a number of priority areas in the western construction projects, including: irrigation, roads, railways, airports, pipelines, telecommunications and other infrastructure construction, ecological environment construction, characteristics of agricultural development, water, high-quality coal, oil, natural gas, copper, aluminum, potassium, phosphorus and other advantages of energy and mineral resources development and utilization of urban infrastructure construction, tourism development characteristics, features high-tech and conversion technology industry.
four, increase financial transfer payments to
(f) to increase the western region, especially minority areas (refer to autonomous regions, autonomous regions enjoy equal treatment and non-national provinces of the province's ethnic autonomous prefectures) General the intensity of transfer payments. With the increase of the central finance, the central government to gradually increase the western region the size of general transfer payments. general transfer payments to fiscal balance over the standard basis for the calculation, according to scientific and rational principles, standard based on objective factors in computing income and expenditure, the use of a unified formula, free from subjective factors. In terms of general transfer payments, allocation of funds, the nation and territories granting moderate tilt. Since 2000, the central part of the financial arrangements for financial resources, for use on transfer payments to ethnic minority areas.
(vii) special funds for central and local subsidies to the western regions. to increase the development of agricultural science and technology in the west, dry farming, water-saving agriculture, agro-ecological environment protection and construction, agricultural pest control and rescue and other aspects of input. support in the northwest regions of cloud development and utilization of water resources, water and soil conditions and dust storms on the monitoring, prediction. increase the comprehensive development of agriculture in the west of the investment, to transform low-yielding fields in the focus to improve the basic agricultural production conditions and ecological environment; to develop high-quality high yield agriculture, promote industrialization; have a choice to build modern agriculture demonstration zones and technology demonstration area. since 2001, according to the actual situation in the western region, the appropriate reduction comprehensive agricultural development the proportion of local matching funds to increase investment in land management. financial difficulties in the west provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), introduced in 1999 due to the improvement of the implementation of government employees and urban low-income wage increase policy expenditures by the central government will provide appropriate subsidies, grants around the organs and institutions based on the amount of service the number of workers and retired workers, average monthly wages and cost increases for retired pay benefits and transfer coefficient determined. central subsidies to local subsistence allowances for workers laid off from state-owned enterprises , the basic pension of enterprise retirees and the minimum living allowance for urban residents spending, due to the western regions. education, technology, health, politics and law, culture, heritage and other special funds to the allocation of subsidies, but also to the western regions.
(ix) implementation of natural forest protection project, the state investment in infrastructure in the arrangements, financial and special subsidies for local governments reduction of subsidies, etc. to support it. infrastructural investments, including closed forest and grass, aerial seeding, seedling plantation and construction subsidies. fiscal and management for operating expenses, including special subsidies, state forest logging enterprises of basic old-age insurance benefits fees, social spending policy subsidies for laid-off workers and the basic living subsidy for laid-off workers one-time relocation allowance. on the impact of natural forest protection projects by the implementation of local financial revenue, central government subsidies in the appropriate period of time. For Sen timber production due to reduced industrial enterprises unable to pay the bank debt caused by the implementation of the first stop losses are then verified on the basis of the liquidation, by means of bad debts written off to be resolved.
(j) to carry out pilot projects Reforestation. State Upper Yangtze by annual subsidy per mu 150 kg abandoned farmland, the Yellow River region subsidy per mu farmland to 100 kg of grain per year (unprocessed) standards, in a period of time free of charge to the abandoned families, providing food, subsidized grain price (per kg unprocessed 1.4 yuan) from the central financial commitment, transporting the expense of the local financial commitment. Meanwhile, the state granted the appropriate cash assistance household farmland, farmland area of subsidies by 20 yuan per mu per year basis, financed by the central financial burden; countries to farmland subsidy for farmers for seed, subsidies, and by forest and grass planting grass area of barren hills and wasteland for 50 yuan per mu, financed by the central infrastructure investment arrangements. of Grass affected by the implementation of local government revenue by the central government subsidies in the appropriate period of time. In addition, the work to actively support anti-desertification.
(k) of the rural tax reform in the implementation process, caused by the reforms of township financial difficulties , itself can not overcome, the central government transfer payments in accordance with standard methods, the appropriate grant basis.
five, increase the financial and credit support
(xii) the western region to increase infrastructure investment credit. focus support rail, trunk roads, electricity, oil, natural gas and medium-sized transportation and energy projects. on the large investment and long construction period of infrastructure projects, according to the project construction period and repayment capacity, appropriate to extend the loan period. The State Development Bank of the highway project, the project capital ratio by 40% and system integration is also under the conditions of the loan period can be extended to 18 years (including grace period, same below); of hydropower projects, the loan period may be relaxed to 25 years; of the to 10 years; for other infrastructure projects, the loan can be extended to a maximum period of 15 years.
(xiii) revenue for infrastructure projects to expand to the right or the right to charge for the range of collateral loans. continue to run the income of rural power right to pledge loans, collateral loans to carry out the business of toll collection right, the right to create conditions for secured loans will gradually expand the scope of charges to the city water supply, heating, public transportation, telecommunications, urban infrastructure projects. have some repayment capacity of water development projects and urban environmental protection projects (such as urban sewage treatment and garbage disposal, etc.), to explore and gradually gain the right to operate the project right to pledge or charge of business loans.
(xiv) increase agricultural and ecological construction of the credit investment. on the western characteristics agriculture, water-saving agriculture, ecological agriculture development in the credit support, support a number of promising to drive stronger, to companies and farmers as the mode of operation of enterprises. agricultural banks and rural credit cooperatives to actively expand the farmer credit on the repayment ability do have credit can be issued. a selective increase in the ecological environment construction project loan investment. with forest and grass, closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation and other ecological environment construction, repayment ability of some fast-growing High-yield timber forests, economic forests, wild mountains, traditional Chinese medicine and individual nurseries and other development projects, increase credit input.
(xv) the use of credit leverage to support economic structure and industrial structure adjustment. support electricity, natural gas, tourism and rational exploitation of biological resources the western edge industries, the focus of a larger project loan amount, you can direct lending by commercial banks head office address, loans are not included in the local branch deposit ratio or limit the scope of examination. the western region of rural power grids loans from Agricultural Bank of China head office arranged loan schemes and funds. Meanwhile, the technological transformation of enterprises in the west, high-tech enterprise and SME development, to give credit support.
six, vigorously improve the soft investment environment
(XVI) to seriously implement the implementation of state-owned enterprise reform and development of relevant policies, deepen reform of state enterprises in the western, enable them to become the main body of market competition. accelerate the establishment of modern enterprise system, the implementation of system innovation. In addition to the lifeline and safety related to national state-controlled enterprises, the encouragement Other state-owned enterprises listed specifications, joint ventures and other forms of mutual shareholding, according to conversion to a limited liability company or limited. restructured enterprises according to the law establishing the board of supervisors, a clear meeting of shareholders, board of supervisors and their managers responsibilities, so that duties, coordinate operations, and effective checks and balances. to establish a clear division of state-owned asset management, operation and supervision system, the state-owned assets in place as quickly as possible, strengthen the state-owned assets supervision and external business entities. to further deepen the internal labor, personnel and distribution system reform, and gradually form the operators promoted or demoted, personnel can be hired, the income can be increased by the new mechanism. combination of industrial restructuring, adhere to the advance and retreat, and something to be the policy is not to promote the strategic adjustment of the layout of state-owned economy. further enliven the state-owned SMEs, small and medium enterprises to actively promote the organization and management system, the policy system and social service system. in the actual work to increase state-owned enterprises in the west losses turnaround, reorganization and transformation of the support.
(seventh) and actively guide the western region of individual, private and other non-public ownership economy to accelerate development and encourage the eastern and central enterprises and individuals in the western regions. In addition to special provisions of law, where open to foreign investment, the domestic enterprises of different ownership may enter. to encourage individual, private and other non-public economic entities wholly-owned, joint venture, cooperation, concessions and other means to invest.
(eighth) to streamline investment project approval process. In addition to the overall situation and long-term development of the national economy, national security have a major impact on major projects or projects with special requirements, the domestic enterprises to use their own funds or bank loans to invest in industries of national non-restricted items, you need to Government balance the construction, operation conditions, the government authorities for approval of its project proposal only. enterprises in the implementation of the various construction conditions, decide whether to start the construction of self, and then reported to the competent government departments to start the record.
(XIX) carefully follow the implementation of the central work on a series of policies to attract foreign investment, and regulations. strive to optimize regional distribution of foreign investment, encourage foreign investment in the western region. a reasonable simplifying approval procedures for foreign investment projects. In addition to major projects or projects with special requirements, foreign investment projects using its own funds and commercial bank loans to invest in countries in the western region encouraged industry and competitive industries, and government authorities only approved the project feasibility study report, project proposal, start the report is no longer reported to government authorities for approval . gradually simplify foreign investment enterprise contract and articles of association of the approval process.
(XX) to further transform government functions, in efforts to improve the soft investment environment, rectifying market economic order, the effective protection of intellectual property rights, safeguard the economic legal system. to implement government-enterprise separately to reduce the examination and approval, standardize procedures, the development of clean-up and repeal does not meet the requirements of socialist market economy and opening up the rules and regulations. really necessary at all levels of government approval of matters, should be implemented and convenient services, improve efficiency and transparency. strengthen the arbitration mechanism, the timely processing of cases of economic disputes, protect the legitimate rights and interests of investors.
seven, the implementation of tax incentives
(XXI) in the western region of encouraged by the state of domestic enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises in 2001-2010 period, the rate of 15% income tax. encouraged by the state's domestic-funded enterprises refer to the for the main business, its main business income accounted for 70% of total income over the enterprise. The state encourages enterprises with foreign investment refers to the List of Foreign companies may be reduced or exempted from local income tax. central corporate income tax relief under the existing examination and approval authority and procedures of the relevant provisions.
(XXII) in the western region in transport, power, water conservancy, postal services, broadcasting TV companies to give preferential corporate income tax relief. Of which: domestic enterprises from the date of production and operation, the first year to second year exemption from corporate income tax, the third to fifth year corporate income tax. foreign-invested enterprises operating period of more than 10 years, since the profitable year, the first year to second year exemption from corporate income tax, the third to fifth year corporate income tax. The term refers to investment in new transport enterprises engaged in organized road, rail, aviation, ports, terminal operators and pipeline companies; Power Enterprise is investing in new businesses operating in the power to do; water companies do is invest in new rivers and lakes in the comprehensive management, flood control waterlogging control, irrigation, water supply, protection of water resources, hydropower, water conservation, river dredging, levee construction and other development Hohai water, prevention of water damage in the enterprise; Post Office business is investing in new companies engaged in postal operations; radio and television companies to invest in new office is engaged in radio and television operation of the enterprise. Unless otherwise specified, the main income of all types of enterprises to be accounted for more than 70% of total income.
(XXIII) on the protection of ecological environment, returning farmland to forest (ecological forest should be more than 80% ) output of agricultural product and grass income, income from the year within 10 years made special agricultural product tax exemption.
(twenty four) western area of national, provincial construction land, mutatis mutandis, railway, civil aviation construction land shall be exempt from land occupation tax. arable land occupation tax exemption limit the scope of highway routes, road lines on both sides of ditches occupied by arable land, yard heap along the road, road maintenance road classes, checkpoints, project teams, car wash and other land not occupied by duty-free list. highways of national, provincial highway other than construction sites are exempt from land use tax, the decision by the provincial government. These tax-free land, where the change of use, no longer belong to the scope of tax exemption, it shall make the date change of use pay farmland occupation tax.
(xxv) the western region to encourage domestic investment in industries, foreign investment projects encouraged by industry self-use equipment imported within the total investment, in addition to Amendment) use equipment imports, customs duties and import VAT, the approval process in accordance with the Policy
(XXVI) in a planned way on Sloping Grass, grass franchisor should encourage the use of barren hills, wasteland and forests and pastures, the implementation of who abandoned, who afforestation, who grass, who operate , who has ownership of the land use rights and grass. state-owned barren hills, wasteland and other unused land shall transfer to the units and individuals afforestation, grass and other ecological construction, may be exempt from land transfer, the implementation of land use rights for 50 years; to the amount of investment prescribed by the contract and in accordance with ecological conditions, land use rights can be legally transferred, leased, mortgaged; after the expiration of land use rights may apply for renewal. the use of rural collective ownership of the barren hills, wasteland and other unused land for afforestation, grass and other ecological construction, through contracting, leasing and auction to obtain land use rights, the implementation of land use rights for 50 years; land use rights to inherit, transfer (lease), mortgage.
(b q) strict protection of basic farmland, to achieve balance of arable land. more sloping land areas, in order to protect local food production capacity, without affecting the ecological construction of the premise, according to land use planning, can be part of has been years of renovation, good water and soil conservation facilities of the slope is 15 degrees to 25 degrees of the land designated as basic farmland, but also better facilities can be part of the new development and consolidation of land designated as basic farmland. can in accordance with the relevant provisions of the adjustment of crop production patterns of basic farmland, the development of cash crops, but no damage to farming conditions. land consolidation project should be given to the basic farmland protection areas, so that the effective protection of arable land area increased, quality improved. increasing Western countries, land consolidation and reclamation of the development capital investments. the western region provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) over to the State of new construction land use fee, in principle, land development projects through the organization of the full allocated. the unused land developed into a lawn, garden, by the relevant government departments in charge can be adjusted to arable land, arable land can be set off against additional targets, according to farmland protection and management. farmland infrastructure construction, and the premise of ensuring the balance of arable land, its cultivated land reclamation fee according to the provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) of the lower limit of the standard charge.
(xxviii) for approval of construction land to improve efficiency, reduce approval procedures, and guarantee the timely provision of land for economic development. be reported to the State Council for approval of construction land , in the land approval stage, the major review of government departments in charge of land use planning and compliance programs, balance of arable land and the land compensation and resettlement can be implemented. Approval information can review the contents of the corresponding simplified. land compensation and resettlement to comply with the and auction for land. foreign investment land, indeed necessary, upon approval, you can use the shares of state-owned land use right, provided appraised the state-owned land use rights.
nine, the implementation of preferential policies for mineral resources < br> (xxix) in land resource survey plan, giving priority to the investigation and evaluation projects in the western region, the working funds to the western regions. focus in the Western region's key focus areas of mineral resources, national shortage of mineral and groundwater resources investigation and evaluation and the low level of geological work areas, the basis of geological disaster hit areas of geological work.
(thirty) in the western region formed by the state-funded exploration prospecting and mining right purchase price, according to relevant regulations, one of the following conditions , upon approval, you can switch some or all of the state-owned mining enterprises or the state capital Geological Exploration: exploration or exploitation of petroleum, natural gas, coal bed methane, iron-rich, high-quality manganese ore, chromite, copper, nickel, gold, silver, potash, platinum group metals, groundwater and other mineral resources; in the state for poverty alleviation and development in key areas and key development areas of exploration and mining of mineral resources; and medium-sized mining enterprises due to resource depletion, exploration of resources to succeed; state-owned mining enterprises approved the joint-stock or foreign joint venture, the state capital held units to prospecting and mining rights price of shares of; state-owned mining enterprises due to natural disasters and other force majeure, subject to prospecting and mining rights is really difficult to price. < br> (xxxi) in the western region of exploration and mining of mineral resources, meet the following conditions may apply for a reduction or exemption from payment of user fees prospecting and mining rights fees: oil, natural gas, coal bed methane, uranium, iron-rich , high-quality manganese ore, chromite, copper, potash, platinum group metals, groundwater and other mineral resources exploration, development, and medium-sized mining enterprises to apply to find substitute resources exploration, development and use of new technologies and new ways to improve utilization levels (including low-grade refractory mineral resources development and use of old mining tailings) of mineral resources, government departments in charge of the other cases. prospecting user fees can be exempted from the first survey year, the second to payment of the three survey years can be reduced 50%, the fourth to the seventh annual survey can be cut to pay 25%. mining royalties, mining and mine infrastructure on the first year of production can be exempted, the second to third year mining operation can be 50% pay cut, the fourth to the seventh year can be reduced to pay 25% of the year can be exempted from the mine Closure.
(xxxii) The exploration licensees to obtain a mining exploration investment in mineral value, may be of mining law rights. allows exploration costs are included in deferred assets, amortization of mining stage.
(xxxiii) actively cultivate mining rights market, promote the prospecting and mining rights according to law the sale and transfer. to sell the range of mining rights including the state-funded mineral exploration and has been proven, the law and the nationalization of mineral mining rights other blank places. in addition to the method for approval according to law, but can take tender, auction and other ways to sell mining rights. exploration of people, who can take the sale of mining rights, capital contribution, cooperation, exploration or mining, according to the transfer of listing, etc. prospecting and mining rights can also be rented in accordance with relevant regulations, mortgage prospecting and mining rights.
(xxxiv) for foreign engaged in non-oil mineral resources prospecting and exploitation, in addition to enjoying the state has implemented the relevant preferential policies, but also enjoy exemption from prospecting and mining rights fees a year, half for prospecting and mining rights fees for 2 years of policy. For foreign investors engaged in rights, mining rights assessment should be required to confirm the law, reasonable price, by the Chinese side to provide relevant information on the geological results.
ten, the use of prices and pricing mechanism to regulate
(xxxv) to deepen the price reform, and further enhance the market the proportion of the price adjustment. the western areas of railway rate pricing by the government to government guidance. provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) within the aviation branch floating fare policy. included in the national basic medical insurance for urban workers, the scope of the national drug drug prices commissioned by the provincial government authorities to approve origin.
(XXXVI) to adjust electricity and water prices, promote sewage treatment, garbage disposal fee reform. a positive contradiction to ease Western Power electricity, approved a separate power transmission and distribution west of the costs, to encourage power producers and users to directly enter into power purchase contracts, and reduce tariff burden; appropriate to reduce the east and west line between the backbone of the power system transmission costs, encourage the and the bearing capacity of the premise, give priority to adjust the water shortage in the Northwest Region Water supply prices, water conservancy construction and maintenance costs to ensure reasonable compensation. west city sewage treatment plants have been built without levy sewage treatment fees, to be based on national relevant provisions of the levy sewage treatment fees as soon as possible, has been imposed in accordance with the capacity of local residents, in accordance with the principle of guaranteed profit gradually increase the fees. the western region according to the introduction of waste charging policy to local conditions, the implementation of waste disposal fee system.
(xxxvii) of the western region the implementation of new railway and the railway lines of special tariffs. under the State Council of the new road, new price policy, new railway in the west can repay the loan principal and interest by, the principle of compensation for reasonable operating costs, approved the new line of special tariffs to ensure the repayment of western New Railway construction loan, to maintain normal production and operation, railway construction in the western region. further study of special tariffs Western New Railway Road, uniform tariffs and full compensation for the difference between the way. on the western region Extension of special freight rail line to implement. by the State Council department in charge of developing the principle of regional special pricing tariffs, the specific price level by the local competent department of the provincial government; the western extension of qualified, the implementation of government guidance or regulated by the market, railway transport enterprises to give autonomy to a certain price.
XI, expand foreign investment
(xxxviii) foreign investment in the western region of agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, transportation, energy, municipal utility, environmental protection and other basic industries, or infrastructure construction, mining, tourism, resource development, establishment of technical research and development centers, to encourage foreign investment in industries to enjoy the preferential policies. countries will be based around economic development and conditions for change, time to add, amend the Industrial Catalogue , the provincial capital cities and regional capital cities). the joint venture foreign trade companies to expand into the western region of the pilot cities, and in both Chinese and foreign qualifications appropriate to relax than the eastern region. China's accession to the WTO, in the framework of law and the agreement within the western region priority foreign banks to conduct RMB business requirements. of foreign insurance companies to apply to the western areas of the business sector to give priority to permit the establishment in the western region to foreign companies and joint venture insurance agents insurance brokers be given priority. on the western area to set up joint venture travel agencies, review and project approval in terms of qualifications appropriate to relax the standards. According to China's WTO accession commitments and the relevant provisions of the negotiations to allow foreign accounting firms (firms) to set up Sino-foreign cooperation in the western region accounting firm, for the moment not with the establishment of conditions to allow the establishment of its members in the western region, encourage existing Sino-foreign cooperative accounting firm to establish branch offices in the western region. When conditions are ripe, you can give priority to set up Sino-foreign cooperation in the western region law firm. allow the establishment of joint ventures co-construction and related services, design services and allow foreign-controlled enterprises, and gradually allow the construction and related services, design services, engineering services, urban planning services to establish foreign-funded enterprises. gradually allow foreign companies in joint venture rail freight, road freight joint venture Enterprises Holdings, rail freight, road freight transport establishment of a foreign field.
second, expand channels of using foreign capital
(forty) to develop the western region for domestic and overseas listed foreign invested enterprises, domestic enterprises through the transfer of management rights, transfer of stock, mergers and acquisitions in attracting foreign investment to joint industry funds, venture capital fund to attract foreign investment and other management practices.
(xli) good use of international financial organizations and foreign government preferential loans, for the western region of education, health, poverty alleviation, environment protection and other fields. actively seek international multilateral and bilateral grants, giving priority to the western region projects. timely introduction to the western region and relevant international organizations, national governments to provide preferential loans to China and grant assistance management, application procedures and areas of focus. to help develop the western region free aid project managers to improve project management, project management, increase transparency, to ensure timely access to information about Western. preferred to support social and economic development on the western long-term significance of environmental protection , agricultural development, basic education, health, irrigation and other projects in the field.
XIII, relaxed foreign investment with the conditions
(forty) the western region to foreign investment in infrastructure and a competitive edge, as appropriate in different sectors relaxation of restrictions of foreign investment than stocks. For commercial projects with foreign investment to the western region, business life can be extended to 40 years, 10 years longer than the eastern region; registered capital can be raised to 3,000 yuan, 20 million yuan lower than the eastern region. In foreign-invested enterprises and joint venture investment in the western region, was the registered capital of foreign invested enterprises no less than 25%, foreign invested enterprises enjoy the benefits.
(forty-three) on foreign investment in infrastructure and the western region a competitive edge, appropriate to relax the investment in fixed assets of domestic banks to provide RMB loans, joint cooperation projects in general be relaxed to 120% of the proportion of the Chinese capital, foreign-owned projects extended to foreign registered capital of 100%. belonging to the Guidance Catalogue investment of RMB loans are not subject to the restrictions mentioned above, independent assessment by the bank, autonomous OK. allowed to carry out foreign investment projects, including project financing, including the renminbi.
(forty-four) on the west by a number of foreign preferential loans to construction projects, allow an appropriate increase in the total investment in the use of foreign preferential loans. on the western region's infrastructure construction, ecological environment, poverty alleviation and development projects in the areas, according to the project's ability to repay foreign preferential loans from the general requirements for accounting for the proportion of total investment not more than 50%, increased to up to 70%, restricted purchasing conditions or the proportion of lending institutions for loans, except as otherwise provided. strengthen the use of foreign preferential loans of Planning and National Investment Plan interface between the western region, the focus of the western development of foreign capital project, the state financial support.
fourth, to develop foreign trade and economic
(forty-five) further relaxation of the Western companies the right to operate foreign trade and economic cooperation franchise standards. reduce the production of the western region the right to operate import and export enterprises to apply the standard, the registered capital of 300 million by the adjustment to 200 million, research institutes, high-tech enterprises and machinery and electronic products manufacturing enterprises registered capital of 200 million transferred from the ...
(Western Development Office of the State Council, August 28, 2001)
implementing the western development strategy in central and western regions to speed up the development of the CPC Central Committee vision Overview Global made a major decision. According to the implementation of views.
one, the scope of policy measures
(a) of the western development policy measures and the implementation of a number of views of the scope of application, including Chongqing Municipality, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet, Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps single) and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. (hereinafter referred to these areas: the western region). in other parts of the ethnic autonomous prefectures (Western Hunan Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei Province, Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Jilin Province, Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture), in practical work, mutatis mutandis, to take care of the relevant policy measures.
Second, efforts to increase construction funding
(b) increase Construction of the central budget funds, including the central capital investment funds, treasury bonds for construction funds for the proportion of the western region. state policy bank loans, international financial organizations and foreign government preferential loans, while adhering to the principles of lending conditions, as much as possible in the Western project areas, to increasing the proportion of the west.
(c) the new arrangements for the west country major infrastructure projects, mainly be funded by the central financial construction funds, and other special construction funds, bank loans and use of foreign capital and enterprise self-financing solution, leaving the funding gap, local governments in land use, and so actively cooperate with the fee waiver. to concentrate on building out a number of projects vital to western development, such as the focus of the project. railways, transportation, water conservancy, agriculture, forestry, information industry and other departments in arranging funds for construction, we must continue to improve the key projects for the proportion of the western region.
three priority projects
(V ) to the guidance of scientific planning to play both planning and market mechanisms in resource allocation role, the layout of a number of priority areas in the western construction projects, including: irrigation, roads, railways, airports, pipelines, telecommunications and other infrastructure construction, ecological environment construction, characteristics of agricultural development, water, high-quality coal, oil, natural gas, copper, aluminum, potassium, phosphorus and other advantages of energy and mineral resources development and utilization of urban infrastructure construction, tourism development characteristics, features high-tech and conversion technology industry.
four, increase financial transfer payments to
(f) to increase the western region, especially minority areas (refer to autonomous regions, autonomous regions enjoy equal treatment and non-national provinces of the province's ethnic autonomous prefectures) General the intensity of transfer payments. With the increase of the central finance, the central government to gradually increase the western region the size of general transfer payments. general transfer payments to fiscal balance over the standard basis for the calculation, according to scientific and rational principles, standard based on objective factors in computing income and expenditure, the use of a unified formula, free from subjective factors. In terms of general transfer payments, allocation of funds, the nation and territories granting moderate tilt. Since 2000, the central part of the financial arrangements for financial resources, for use on transfer payments to ethnic minority areas.
(vii) special funds for central and local subsidies to the western regions. to increase the development of agricultural science and technology in the west, dry farming, water-saving agriculture, agro-ecological environment protection and construction, agricultural pest control and rescue and other aspects of input. support in the northwest regions of cloud development and utilization of water resources, water and soil conditions and dust storms on the monitoring, prediction. increase the comprehensive development of agriculture in the west of the investment, to transform low-yielding fields in the focus to improve the basic agricultural production conditions and ecological environment; to develop high-quality high yield agriculture, promote industrialization; have a choice to build modern agriculture demonstration zones and technology demonstration area. since 2001, according to the actual situation in the western region, the appropriate reduction comprehensive agricultural development the proportion of local matching funds to increase investment in land management. financial difficulties in the west provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), introduced in 1999 due to the improvement of the implementation of government employees and urban low-income wage increase policy expenditures by the central government will provide appropriate subsidies, grants around the organs and institutions based on the amount of service the number of workers and retired workers, average monthly wages and cost increases for retired pay benefits and transfer coefficient determined. central subsidies to local subsistence allowances for workers laid off from state-owned enterprises , the basic pension of enterprise retirees and the minimum living allowance for urban residents spending, due to the western regions. education, technology, health, politics and law, culture, heritage and other special funds to the allocation of subsidies, but also to the western regions.
(ix) implementation of natural forest protection project, the state investment in infrastructure in the arrangements, financial and special subsidies for local governments reduction of subsidies, etc. to support it. infrastructural investments, including closed forest and grass, aerial seeding, seedling plantation and construction subsidies. fiscal and management for operating expenses, including special subsidies, state forest logging enterprises of basic old-age insurance benefits fees, social spending policy subsidies for laid-off workers and the basic living subsidy for laid-off workers one-time relocation allowance. on the impact of natural forest protection projects by the implementation of local financial revenue, central government subsidies in the appropriate period of time. For Sen timber production due to reduced industrial enterprises unable to pay the bank debt caused by the implementation of the first stop losses are then verified on the basis of the liquidation, by means of bad debts written off to be resolved.
(j) to carry out pilot projects Reforestation. State Upper Yangtze by annual subsidy per mu 150 kg abandoned farmland, the Yellow River region subsidy per mu farmland to 100 kg of grain per year (unprocessed) standards, in a period of time free of charge to the abandoned families, providing food, subsidized grain price (per kg unprocessed 1.4 yuan) from the central financial commitment, transporting the expense of the local financial commitment. Meanwhile, the state granted the appropriate cash assistance household farmland, farmland area of subsidies by 20 yuan per mu per year basis, financed by the central financial burden; countries to farmland subsidy for farmers for seed, subsidies, and by forest and grass planting grass area of barren hills and wasteland for 50 yuan per mu, financed by the central infrastructure investment arrangements. of Grass affected by the implementation of local government revenue by the central government subsidies in the appropriate period of time. In addition, the work to actively support anti-desertification.
(k) of the rural tax reform in the implementation process, caused by the reforms of township financial difficulties , itself can not overcome, the central government transfer payments in accordance with standard methods, the appropriate grant basis.
five, increase the financial and credit support
(xii) the western region to increase infrastructure investment credit. focus support rail, trunk roads, electricity, oil, natural gas and medium-sized transportation and energy projects. on the large investment and long construction period of infrastructure projects, according to the project construction period and repayment capacity, appropriate to extend the loan period. The State Development Bank of the highway project, the project capital ratio by 40% and system integration is also under the conditions of the loan period can be extended to 18 years (including grace period, same below); of hydropower projects, the loan period may be relaxed to 25 years; of the to 10 years; for other infrastructure projects, the loan can be extended to a maximum period of 15 years.
(xiii) revenue for infrastructure projects to expand to the right or the right to charge for the range of collateral loans. continue to run the income of rural power right to pledge loans, collateral loans to carry out the business of toll collection right, the right to create conditions for secured loans will gradually expand the scope of charges to the city water supply, heating, public transportation, telecommunications, urban infrastructure projects. have some repayment capacity of water development projects and urban environmental protection projects (such as urban sewage treatment and garbage disposal, etc.), to explore and gradually gain the right to operate the project right to pledge or charge of business loans.
(xiv) increase agricultural and ecological construction of the credit investment. on the western characteristics agriculture, water-saving agriculture, ecological agriculture development in the credit support, support a number of promising to drive stronger, to companies and farmers as the mode of operation of enterprises. agricultural banks and rural credit cooperatives to actively expand the farmer credit on the repayment ability do have credit can be issued. a selective increase in the ecological environment construction project loan investment. with forest and grass, closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation and other ecological environment construction, repayment ability of some fast-growing High-yield timber forests, economic forests, wild mountains, traditional Chinese medicine and individual nurseries and other development projects, increase credit input.
(xv) the use of credit leverage to support economic structure and industrial structure adjustment. support electricity, natural gas, tourism and rational exploitation of biological resources the western edge industries, the focus of a larger project loan amount, you can direct lending by commercial banks head office address, loans are not included in the local branch deposit ratio or limit the scope of examination. the western region of rural power grids loans from Agricultural Bank of China head office arranged loan schemes and funds. Meanwhile, the technological transformation of enterprises in the west, high-tech enterprise and SME development, to give credit support.
six, vigorously improve the soft investment environment
(XVI) to seriously implement the implementation of state-owned enterprise reform and development of relevant policies, deepen reform of state enterprises in the western, enable them to become the main body of market competition. accelerate the establishment of modern enterprise system, the implementation of system innovation. In addition to the lifeline and safety related to national state-controlled enterprises, the encouragement Other state-owned enterprises listed specifications, joint ventures and other forms of mutual shareholding, according to conversion to a limited liability company or limited. restructured enterprises according to the law establishing the board of supervisors, a clear meeting of shareholders, board of supervisors and their managers responsibilities, so that duties, coordinate operations, and effective checks and balances. to establish a clear division of state-owned asset management, operation and supervision system, the state-owned assets in place as quickly as possible, strengthen the state-owned assets supervision and external business entities. to further deepen the internal labor, personnel and distribution system reform, and gradually form the operators promoted or demoted, personnel can be hired, the income can be increased by the new mechanism. combination of industrial restructuring, adhere to the advance and retreat, and something to be the policy is not to promote the strategic adjustment of the layout of state-owned economy. further enliven the state-owned SMEs, small and medium enterprises to actively promote the organization and management system, the policy system and social service system. in the actual work to increase state-owned enterprises in the west losses turnaround, reorganization and transformation of the support.
(seventh) and actively guide the western region of individual, private and other non-public ownership economy to accelerate development and encourage the eastern and central enterprises and individuals in the western regions. In addition to special provisions of law, where open to foreign investment, the domestic enterprises of different ownership may enter. to encourage individual, private and other non-public economic entities wholly-owned, joint venture, cooperation, concessions and other means to invest.
(eighth) to streamline investment project approval process. In addition to the overall situation and long-term development of the national economy, national security have a major impact on major projects or projects with special requirements, the domestic enterprises to use their own funds or bank loans to invest in industries of national non-restricted items, you need to Government balance the construction, operation conditions, the government authorities for approval of its project proposal only. enterprises in the implementation of the various construction conditions, decide whether to start the construction of self, and then reported to the competent government departments to start the record.
(XIX) carefully follow the implementation of the central work on a series of policies to attract foreign investment, and regulations. strive to optimize regional distribution of foreign investment, encourage foreign investment in the western region. a reasonable simplifying approval procedures for foreign investment projects. In addition to major projects or projects with special requirements, foreign investment projects using its own funds and commercial bank loans to invest in countries in the western region encouraged industry and competitive industries, and government authorities only approved the project feasibility study report, project proposal, start the report is no longer reported to government authorities for approval . gradually simplify foreign investment enterprise contract and articles of association of the approval process.
(XX) to further transform government functions, in efforts to improve the soft investment environment, rectifying market economic order, the effective protection of intellectual property rights, safeguard the economic legal system. to implement government-enterprise separately to reduce the examination and approval, standardize procedures, the development of clean-up and repeal does not meet the requirements of socialist market economy and opening up the rules and regulations. really necessary at all levels of government approval of matters, should be implemented and convenient services, improve efficiency and transparency. strengthen the arbitration mechanism, the timely processing of cases of economic disputes, protect the legitimate rights and interests of investors.
seven, the implementation of tax incentives
(XXI) in the western region of encouraged by the state of domestic enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises in 2001-2010 period, the rate of 15% income tax. encouraged by the state's domestic-funded enterprises refer to the for the main business, its main business income accounted for 70% of total income over the enterprise. The state encourages enterprises with foreign investment refers to the List of Foreign companies may be reduced or exempted from local income tax. central corporate income tax relief under the existing examination and approval authority and procedures of the relevant provisions.
(XXII) in the western region in transport, power, water conservancy, postal services, broadcasting TV companies to give preferential corporate income tax relief. Of which: domestic enterprises from the date of production and operation, the first year to second year exemption from corporate income tax, the third to fifth year corporate income tax. foreign-invested enterprises operating period of more than 10 years, since the profitable year, the first year to second year exemption from corporate income tax, the third to fifth year corporate income tax. The term refers to investment in new transport enterprises engaged in organized road, rail, aviation, ports, terminal operators and pipeline companies; Power Enterprise is investing in new businesses operating in the power to do; water companies do is invest in new rivers and lakes in the comprehensive management, flood control waterlogging control, irrigation, water supply, protection of water resources, hydropower, water conservation, river dredging, levee construction and other development Hohai water, prevention of water damage in the enterprise; Post Office business is investing in new companies engaged in postal operations; radio and television companies to invest in new office is engaged in radio and television operation of the enterprise. Unless otherwise specified, the main income of all types of enterprises to be accounted for more than 70% of total income.
(XXIII) on the protection of ecological environment, returning farmland to forest (ecological forest should be more than 80% ) output of agricultural product and grass income, income from the year within 10 years made special agricultural product tax exemption.
(twenty four) western area of national, provincial construction land, mutatis mutandis, railway, civil aviation construction land shall be exempt from land occupation tax. arable land occupation tax exemption limit the scope of highway routes, road lines on both sides of ditches occupied by arable land, yard heap along the road, road maintenance road classes, checkpoints, project teams, car wash and other land not occupied by duty-free list. highways of national, provincial highway other than construction sites are exempt from land use tax, the decision by the provincial government. These tax-free land, where the change of use, no longer belong to the scope of tax exemption, it shall make the date change of use pay farmland occupation tax.
(xxv) the western region to encourage domestic investment in industries, foreign investment projects encouraged by industry self-use equipment imported within the total investment, in addition to Amendment) use equipment imports, customs duties and import VAT, the approval process in accordance with the Policy
(XXVI) in a planned way on Sloping Grass, grass franchisor should encourage the use of barren hills, wasteland and forests and pastures, the implementation of who abandoned, who afforestation, who grass, who operate , who has ownership of the land use rights and grass. state-owned barren hills, wasteland and other unused land shall transfer to the units and individuals afforestation, grass and other ecological construction, may be exempt from land transfer, the implementation of land use rights for 50 years; to the amount of investment prescribed by the contract and in accordance with ecological conditions, land use rights can be legally transferred, leased, mortgaged; after the expiration of land use rights may apply for renewal. the use of rural collective ownership of the barren hills, wasteland and other unused land for afforestation, grass and other ecological construction, through contracting, leasing and auction to obtain land use rights, the implementation of land use rights for 50 years; land use rights to inherit, transfer (lease), mortgage.
(b q) strict protection of basic farmland, to achieve balance of arable land. more sloping land areas, in order to protect local food production capacity, without affecting the ecological construction of the premise, according to land use planning, can be part of has been years of renovation, good water and soil conservation facilities of the slope is 15 degrees to 25 degrees of the land designated as basic farmland, but also better facilities can be part of the new development and consolidation of land designated as basic farmland. can in accordance with the relevant provisions of the adjustment of crop production patterns of basic farmland, the development of cash crops, but no damage to farming conditions. land consolidation project should be given to the basic farmland protection areas, so that the effective protection of arable land area increased, quality improved. increasing Western countries, land consolidation and reclamation of the development capital investments. the western region provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) over to the State of new construction land use fee, in principle, land development projects through the organization of the full allocated. the unused land developed into a lawn, garden, by the relevant government departments in charge can be adjusted to arable land, arable land can be set off against additional targets, according to farmland protection and management. farmland infrastructure construction, and the premise of ensuring the balance of arable land, its cultivated land reclamation fee according to the provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) of the lower limit of the standard charge.
(xxviii) for approval of construction land to improve efficiency, reduce approval procedures, and guarantee the timely provision of land for economic development. be reported to the State Council for approval of construction land , in the land approval stage, the major review of government departments in charge of land use planning and compliance programs, balance of arable land and the land compensation and resettlement can be implemented. Approval information can review the contents of the corresponding simplified. land compensation and resettlement to comply with the and auction for land. foreign investment land, indeed necessary, upon approval, you can use the shares of state-owned land use right, provided appraised the state-owned land use rights.
nine, the implementation of preferential policies for mineral resources < br> (xxix) in land resource survey plan, giving priority to the investigation and evaluation projects in the western region, the working funds to the western regions. focus in the Western region's key focus areas of mineral resources, national shortage of mineral and groundwater resources investigation and evaluation and the low level of geological work areas, the basis of geological disaster hit areas of geological work.
(thirty) in the western region formed by the state-funded exploration prospecting and mining right purchase price, according to relevant regulations, one of the following conditions , upon approval, you can switch some or all of the state-owned mining enterprises or the state capital Geological Exploration: exploration or exploitation of petroleum, natural gas, coal bed methane, iron-rich, high-quality manganese ore, chromite, copper, nickel, gold, silver, potash, platinum group metals, groundwater and other mineral resources; in the state for poverty alleviation and development in key areas and key development areas of exploration and mining of mineral resources; and medium-sized mining enterprises due to resource depletion, exploration of resources to succeed; state-owned mining enterprises approved the joint-stock or foreign joint venture, the state capital held units to prospecting and mining rights price of shares of; state-owned mining enterprises due to natural disasters and other force majeure, subject to prospecting and mining rights is really difficult to price. < br> (xxxi) in the western region of exploration and mining of mineral resources, meet the following conditions may apply for a reduction or exemption from payment of user fees prospecting and mining rights fees: oil, natural gas, coal bed methane, uranium, iron-rich , high-quality manganese ore, chromite, copper, potash, platinum group metals, groundwater and other mineral resources exploration, development, and medium-sized mining enterprises to apply to find substitute resources exploration, development and use of new technologies and new ways to improve utilization levels (including low-grade refractory mineral resources development and use of old mining tailings) of mineral resources, government departments in charge of the other cases. prospecting user fees can be exempted from the first survey year, the second to payment of the three survey years can be reduced 50%, the fourth to the seventh annual survey can be cut to pay 25%. mining royalties, mining and mine infrastructure on the first year of production can be exempted, the second to third year mining operation can be 50% pay cut, the fourth to the seventh year can be reduced to pay 25% of the year can be exempted from the mine Closure.
(xxxii) The exploration licensees to obtain a mining exploration investment in mineral value, may be of mining law rights. allows exploration costs are included in deferred assets, amortization of mining stage.
(xxxiii) actively cultivate mining rights market, promote the prospecting and mining rights according to law the sale and transfer. to sell the range of mining rights including the state-funded mineral exploration and has been proven, the law and the nationalization of mineral mining rights other blank places. in addition to the method for approval according to law, but can take tender, auction and other ways to sell mining rights. exploration of people, who can take the sale of mining rights, capital contribution, cooperation, exploration or mining, according to the transfer of listing, etc. prospecting and mining rights can also be rented in accordance with relevant regulations, mortgage prospecting and mining rights.
(xxxiv) for foreign engaged in non-oil mineral resources prospecting and exploitation, in addition to enjoying the state has implemented the relevant preferential policies, but also enjoy exemption from prospecting and mining rights fees a year, half for prospecting and mining rights fees for 2 years of policy. For foreign investors engaged in rights, mining rights assessment should be required to confirm the law, reasonable price, by the Chinese side to provide relevant information on the geological results.
ten, the use of prices and pricing mechanism to regulate
(xxxv) to deepen the price reform, and further enhance the market the proportion of the price adjustment. the western areas of railway rate pricing by the government to government guidance. provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) within the aviation branch floating fare policy. included in the national basic medical insurance for urban workers, the scope of the national drug drug prices commissioned by the provincial government authorities to approve origin.
(XXXVI) to adjust electricity and water prices, promote sewage treatment, garbage disposal fee reform. a positive contradiction to ease Western Power electricity, approved a separate power transmission and distribution west of the costs, to encourage power producers and users to directly enter into power purchase contracts, and reduce tariff burden; appropriate to reduce the east and west line between the backbone of the power system transmission costs, encourage the and the bearing capacity of the premise, give priority to adjust the water shortage in the Northwest Region Water supply prices, water conservancy construction and maintenance costs to ensure reasonable compensation. west city sewage treatment plants have been built without levy sewage treatment fees, to be based on national relevant provisions of the levy sewage treatment fees as soon as possible, has been imposed in accordance with the capacity of local residents, in accordance with the principle of guaranteed profit gradually increase the fees. the western region according to the introduction of waste charging policy to local conditions, the implementation of waste disposal fee system.
(xxxvii) of the western region the implementation of new railway and the railway lines of special tariffs. under the State Council of the new road, new price policy, new railway in the west can repay the loan principal and interest by, the principle of compensation for reasonable operating costs, approved the new line of special tariffs to ensure the repayment of western New Railway construction loan, to maintain normal production and operation, railway construction in the western region. further study of special tariffs Western New Railway Road, uniform tariffs and full compensation for the difference between the way. on the western region Extension of special freight rail line to implement. by the State Council department in charge of developing the principle of regional special pricing tariffs, the specific price level by the local competent department of the provincial government; the western extension of qualified, the implementation of government guidance or regulated by the market, railway transport enterprises to give autonomy to a certain price.
XI, expand foreign investment
(xxxviii) foreign investment in the western region of agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, transportation, energy, municipal utility, environmental protection and other basic industries, or infrastructure construction, mining, tourism, resource development, establishment of technical research and development centers, to encourage foreign investment in industries to enjoy the preferential policies. countries will be based around economic development and conditions for change, time to add, amend the Industrial Catalogue , the provincial capital cities and regional capital cities). the joint venture foreign trade companies to expand into the western region of the pilot cities, and in both Chinese and foreign qualifications appropriate to relax than the eastern region. China's accession to the WTO, in the framework of law and the agreement within the western region priority foreign banks to conduct RMB business requirements. of foreign insurance companies to apply to the western areas of the business sector to give priority to permit the establishment in the western region to foreign companies and joint venture insurance agents insurance brokers be given priority. on the western area to set up joint venture travel agencies, review and project approval in terms of qualifications appropriate to relax the standards. According to China's WTO accession commitments and the relevant provisions of the negotiations to allow foreign accounting firms (firms) to set up Sino-foreign cooperation in the western region accounting firm, for the moment not with the establishment of conditions to allow the establishment of its members in the western region, encourage existing Sino-foreign cooperative accounting firm to establish branch offices in the western region. When conditions are ripe, you can give priority to set up Sino-foreign cooperation in the western region law firm. allow the establishment of joint ventures co-construction and related services, design services and allow foreign-controlled enterprises, and gradually allow the construction and related services, design services, engineering services, urban planning services to establish foreign-funded enterprises. gradually allow foreign companies in joint venture rail freight, road freight joint venture Enterprises Holdings, rail freight, road freight transport establishment of a foreign field.
second, expand channels of using foreign capital
(forty) to develop the western region for domestic and overseas listed foreign invested enterprises, domestic enterprises through the transfer of management rights, transfer of stock, mergers and acquisitions in attracting foreign investment to joint industry funds, venture capital fund to attract foreign investment and other management practices.
(xli) good use of international financial organizations and foreign government preferential loans, for the western region of education, health, poverty alleviation, environment protection and other fields. actively seek international multilateral and bilateral grants, giving priority to the western region projects. timely introduction to the western region and relevant international organizations, national governments to provide preferential loans to China and grant assistance management, application procedures and areas of focus. to help develop the western region free aid project managers to improve project management, project management, increase transparency, to ensure timely access to information about Western. preferred to support social and economic development on the western long-term significance of environmental protection , agricultural development, basic education, health, irrigation and other projects in the field.
XIII, relaxed foreign investment with the conditions
(forty) the western region to foreign investment in infrastructure and a competitive edge, as appropriate in different sectors relaxation of restrictions of foreign investment than stocks. For commercial projects with foreign investment to the western region, business life can be extended to 40 years, 10 years longer than the eastern region; registered capital can be raised to 3,000 yuan, 20 million yuan lower than the eastern region. In foreign-invested enterprises and joint venture investment in the western region, was the registered capital of foreign invested enterprises no less than 25%, foreign invested enterprises enjoy the benefits.
(forty-three) on foreign investment in infrastructure and the western region a competitive edge, appropriate to relax the investment in fixed assets of domestic banks to provide RMB loans, joint cooperation projects in general be relaxed to 120% of the proportion of the Chinese capital, foreign-owned projects extended to foreign registered capital of 100%. belonging to the Guidance Catalogue investment of RMB loans are not subject to the restrictions mentioned above, independent assessment by the bank, autonomous OK. allowed to carry out foreign investment projects, including project financing, including the renminbi.
(forty-four) on the west by a number of foreign preferential loans to construction projects, allow an appropriate increase in the total investment in the use of foreign preferential loans. on the western region's infrastructure construction, ecological environment, poverty alleviation and development projects in the areas, according to the project's ability to repay foreign preferential loans from the general requirements for accounting for the proportion of total investment not more than 50%, increased to up to 70%, restricted purchasing conditions or the proportion of lending institutions for loans, except as otherwise provided. strengthen the use of foreign preferential loans of Planning and National Investment Plan interface between the western region, the focus of the western development of foreign capital project, the state financial support.
fourth, to develop foreign trade and economic
(forty-five) further relaxation of the Western companies the right to operate foreign trade and economic cooperation franchise standards. reduce the production of the western region the right to operate import and export enterprises to apply the standard, the registered capital of 300 million by the adjustment to 200 million, research institutes, high-tech enterprises and machinery and electronic products manufacturing enterprises registered capital of 200 million transferred from the ...
Wednesday, December 22, 2010
Never forget the memories, the memory will always remember, always clear the memory
1996 July 20 afternoon at about three in the side of the earth, and I for the Chinese sports delegation won the first gold medal,
silly I do not know is that our country won the first gold medal, I do not know to win the first gold medal for the country what is the meaning of the concept.
I can make for our country can contribute I'm not sure how, but I thing I know, That is happy psyche, then I most want most of all thank my coach, my mentor, a successful teacher of his old well, let me famous overnight.
let the world know that the Chinese judo, a man named Sun Fuming of the on the judo career, I want to fight the cause of my life-long love of judo!
silly I do not know is that our country won the first gold medal, I do not know to win the first gold medal for the country what is the meaning of the concept.
I can make for our country can contribute I'm not sure how, but I thing I know, That is happy psyche, then I most want most of all thank my coach, my mentor, a successful teacher of his old well, let me famous overnight.
let the world know that the Chinese judo, a man named Sun Fuming of the on the judo career, I want to fight the cause of my life-long love of judo!
Tuesday, December 21, 2010
Cost Control Real Estate Establishment and implementation
The cost of real estate enterprises, its essence is the cost of real estate project development analysis. Overall, the development costs of a project can be roughly the next six parts: 1, the cost of land; 2, upfront costs; 3, the project cost; 4, the marketing costs; 5, the management costs; 6, the financial cost. from a cost point of view property, land costs, management fees and financial costs of most of the initial stage in the project to determine its volatility small, relatively small controllable ; upfront costs, engineering costs, marketing costs because the project itself will be the situation of many complex factors involved in the emergence of such a large difference in the situation before and after the test, such as to take effective measures, can be compressed (controllability) is strong. Therefore, project cost, marketing cost is carried out in the project development process the focus of cost control. especially for the re-engineering costs.
Here the sea real estate (Shenzhen) in the six areas of cost management with a focus on engineering costs cost control measures taken, and the related management experience with colleagues to make the following exchange:
a real estate project development cost control, the general idea
1, establish cost control objectives. of the sea real estate in the beginning of each project that the early establishment of cost-control goals, and objectives of decomposition, the cost of developing a specific control targets, responsibilities to the department;
2, the company set up cost control groups, general manager of the company as a leader, on a regular basis (every six months) the development costs of each project to conduct a comprehensive analysis, assessment, review, abnormal changes of cost and timely early warning and proposed solutions;
3, design is the key to cost control. to strengthen the design department staff cost universal consciousness; to ensure design quality in the implementation of cost limit under the premise of the design, control design, the cost implications;
4, strictly regulate the extent of subcontracting, early tender preparation; design, contract, project complement each other; specification material model, quantity specifications to reduce the risk of contract performance disputes and reduce the cost of the project;
5, perfect design changes, site visa process, improve the cost evaluation system before the change, a clear signature of the relevant authority staff;
6, cut costs, strict control management expenses.
Second, the cost of real estate project development and experience of specific methods of control
1, the cost of land management
the cost of land (about 30-35% of the total project cost is about), the main means of land stage of the formation of the type of access expenses, including land, demolition and relocation compensation fee of land, various types of compensation, land deed, etc.. in real estate throughout the development process, the land once the hand, the cost of the basic set, until the project is developed, the costs are generally not have significantly changed. Therefore, controlling the land cost is the key to get to the exact time of cost analysis. take some bidding strategies, strict control of surrenders and payment risk.
specifically, the Overseas Property cost control in the land targeted mainly adopt the following strategy:
⑴, transformation of the old block: active consultation with the government, preferential policies for as much as possible; strive to obtain a certain level of tax return; in land planning and design as far as possible under the conditions allowed for high volume rate, and indirectly reduce the cost of land.
⑵, the transfer of other developers (traded) of land: geographical location, location, environmental conditions, the project company's financial condition and other aspects of its survey carefully to reduce the risk during the operation (such as whether there is debt disputes); actively engage in consultations with the transfer to extend the payment period and reduce the cost of capital.
⑶, public bidding or auction block: Strengthening land area real estate market research and feasibility studies, to strengthen the analysis of competitors, so that the correct objective and tender. take some voting strategy, do the work of government authorities after winning the public relations and compliance at the signing the process of fighting for our land development, delivery to, and favorable conditions of payment, lower land costs.
according to real estate development experience accumulated over the years, the gradual establishment of the sea real estate has a land bank information system, the different
time, different regions, different sources of information on different categories of land, and the establishment of rival research system to ensure that the bidding process and the results consistent with our plans, bidding separately to minimize the cost of land brought about by the increased risk.
management of the sea real estate land costs, the primary responsibility of the Ministry of Investment and Development departments.
2, pre-expense management
upfront cost (about 2-3% of the total project cost is about), mainly referring to the design fees, construction costs reported INVESTIGATION Measurement Fee and the cost of
feasibility study, which focused on cost control for the design fee (reported to construction costs, inspection fees, a smaller proportion, and are generally related charges).
for design costs, mainly from the following control several aspects: 1) whether it is planning or general decoration, are taking multi-unit, multi-round bidding, in order to secure the best price; 2) strict control of design quality, as far as possible in the early stage of the project to determine the technical parameters of economic indicators, designed to prevent their failure causes increased costs, design costs of the audit, payment is also linked with them; 3) under the premise of quality to meet the design limit steel content, concrete content, node design, a great impact on project cost content; 4) results in meeting the premise of building control and building materials, decorative materials like closure of the project cost.
is well known, the design was decided that the project cost 85% or even more, so design and management (although cost of the entire design
only 2% of the total cost) is the top priority of the project cost management. On the one hand, contract and project structure should be actively involved with the selection of design, basic design, evaluation, participation in materials, equipment economic evaluation, designed to provide comprehensive and objective as possible for the economy of recommendations on the other hand, the design sector itself should be positioned as the principle of the project, guarantee the quality of design limits under the premise of the design as possible, focusing on cost analysis of design results , focus attention on design changes in advance, more sampling, more analysis, to avoid unnecessary after the completion of the cost of rework and waste.
design fees of the sea real estate management responsibility for the design department of the Department of Management.
3, Engineering cost of the project cost management
(about 50-55% total project cost is about), mainly by the sub-contract work and a cost for materials and supporting costs constitute
.
a sub-contract work and supplies for costs include construction, electrical installation, decoration, Indoor decoration, fire, weak, elevators, and other material supplied by sub-contracting to determine 通过招投标 / supply contract costs. We mainly through the following specific measures to control the sub-contracting costs:
⑴, early in the project (the project planning phase, design phase, construction drawings, design, etc.), according to the design depth of construction experience and past data, the market price factor, combined with the project market positioning, sales forecast market conditions By constantly adjusting the way as soon as possible amendments to determine the reasonable cost control objectives.
⑵, cost-control objectives is established, the cost of management (contracts, financial) cost estimates of the value should be timely to further split (eg, by construction, installation , Fire, weak, aluminum
⑶, specific indicators of project cost control and material selection of sub-contracting a guiding role. For example: design drawings wall with granite, the domestic materials and imported materials, result is not the same, the price difference is also great, when decisions need to break down after the goal with the project cost control localization comprehensive evaluation, selection, selection of alternatives or further, to meet the design and construction costs effect the balance of unity.
⑷, subcontracting and materials in the procurement process, adherence to the strengthen the management of sub-contractors, and improve pre-qualification bidding units, assessment system, in an open, fair and just absorb the type of broad principles of the contractor, in order to achieve full market competition, the ultimate goal of achieving cost reduction.
⑸, to strengthen the system of bidding units of the proposed standard. On the one hand, through the proposed standard to address the existing drawings of the bidding process, technology, time settings, and other nodes ambiguity, avoids these problems and contradictions into the contract which may result in post-site construction disputes, and price issues in dispute; the other hand, the competitive mentality of using the contractor offer profit sharing to achieve the cost to fall.
⑹, sufficient for building materials market research to learn about new technology, new materials, accumulation of a wide range of market information, factory units, in order to fully assist in the design department to design, sampling, sample letters, and related materials as an alternative to realize that the alternative construction plan, reduce the cost of the project.
⑺, design drawings, materials began to study the early model, perfect, tender preparation should start early. Gold can not be pure gold, no one is perfect, and our cost management, design management can not prevent the existence of certain professional unfamiliar, do not understand the situation
status of work in this area began early, in fact, completed the process of learning to prepare work for the formal operation next gained the necessary expertise and management experience, take a detour less costs to reduce the possible opportunities for the late indirect costs to achieve the control objectives.
⑻, sound design changes, site visa process, system, and improve the cost of design changes before the review system, a clear signature of the relevant authority staff. design change costs caused the project cost adjustment control of the important and difficult, because most of the construction drawings changed modified, the general can not be determined by means of the cost of shop around. only is the exclusive bargaining approach to the implementation of consultation. This is bound to bring increased costs.
we have implemented control measures are mainly: the cost of rigorous review prior to the change, specifically related to members of my signature authority, that is issued by the institute design changes to design drawings must be written confirmation from management, such as the amount of change involved more large (20 million or above), the author will discuss the general manager of office and then be implemented to determine.
a sub-contract work and material cost management for the primary responsibility for the contract administration department of the Ministry and the Project Development Division.
particular emphasis, in recent years, cooperation in the financial system, contract cost analysis of the Department of Management early warning system was established, and achieved good results. cost analysis refers to the cost of early warning system for management of departments and the departments concerned with the project different stages of development, the development of the specific circumstances of the project real-time, regular adjustments to cost accounting, and timely feedback on the cost of changes to predict changes in cost trends and, through various effective channels (such as cost control system for group meetings) to adjust in time to eliminate the cause abnormal fluctuations in the cost of irrational factors. In addition, students in the completion of the project, and by the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of the lead contract management, project development cost of the composition, distribution, changes in depth analysis of the process, and make a reasonable assessment.
4, marketing, cost management
marketing costs (about 5-8% of the total project cost is about), mainly referring to the formation of the project the type of sales process costs, including advertising costs, promotional costs, sales office expenses. < br> The main measures of marketing cost management for the following points:
1, the establishment of the advertising and marketing plans, budget execution and monitoring system. With the increase in company projects, marketing, advertising and promotion in
means increased advertising randomness enhanced advertising costs unpredictable factors also increase, and establish a sound advertising and marketing plans and budget system, is essential. The points system is that the accuracy of planning and budgeting , operability, targeted, on the one hand to ensure that macro-control project on the implementation of advertising and marketing expenses, on the other hand firmly grasp the characteristics of the market according to different project types of flexible media promotion measures taken.
2, and improve cost management, marketing, tendering system, improve the advertising offer, price, negotiation operation process, with competitive bidding and seeking the commercial production of high quality low price, control the cost of advertising costs.
3, discount points reduce the media release, media, especially newspapers, ads, advertising costs are the total proportion of forest, the main media advertising to further reduce the discount points can be directly reduced advertising costs, marketing costs for the control is effective initiatives.
primary responsibility for cost management of marketing department for marketing planning.
5, management cost control
management costs (about 2-3% of the total project cost is about), is a company, the project Ministry for the organization and management of project development
types of business activities costs incurred, primarily for the cost of human resources and administrative costs.
by the Human Resources Department is responsible for the cost of human resources, according to the progress of the project development and reasonable system size and staffing solutions ,
estimated cost of human resources. Administrative costs are based on the Group's annual management fee indicators issued by the project split into various departments, a department assessment indicators.
management cost control is mainly full set of measures to reduce costs, increase the effectiveness of the concept of opening a full range of project monitoring overhead
hair, such as improving work efficiency, reduce waste, reduce management costs and other expenses.
6, the financial cost management
financial cost (approximately accounting for 6-8% of the total cost), mainly for capital costs and tax costs, determined by the total project costs. Finance Project Development Department, in coordination with government departments well in advance of total communication for tax incentives, the controllable range minimize tax costs.
according to the project reduce the cost of project funding limits.
In addition, with the contract with the Department of Management to take appropriate pay subcontractors Liangkuan slow approach can also reduce the financial cost
Here the sea real estate (Shenzhen) in the six areas of cost management with a focus on engineering costs cost control measures taken, and the related management experience with colleagues to make the following exchange:
a real estate project development cost control, the general idea
1, establish cost control objectives. of the sea real estate in the beginning of each project that the early establishment of cost-control goals, and objectives of decomposition, the cost of developing a specific control targets, responsibilities to the department;
2, the company set up cost control groups, general manager of the company as a leader, on a regular basis (every six months) the development costs of each project to conduct a comprehensive analysis, assessment, review, abnormal changes of cost and timely early warning and proposed solutions;
3, design is the key to cost control. to strengthen the design department staff cost universal consciousness; to ensure design quality in the implementation of cost limit under the premise of the design, control design, the cost implications;
4, strictly regulate the extent of subcontracting, early tender preparation; design, contract, project complement each other; specification material model, quantity specifications to reduce the risk of contract performance disputes and reduce the cost of the project;
5, perfect design changes, site visa process, improve the cost evaluation system before the change, a clear signature of the relevant authority staff;
6, cut costs, strict control management expenses.
Second, the cost of real estate project development and experience of specific methods of control
1, the cost of land management
the cost of land (about 30-35% of the total project cost is about), the main means of land stage of the formation of the type of access expenses, including land, demolition and relocation compensation fee of land, various types of compensation, land deed, etc.. in real estate throughout the development process, the land once the hand, the cost of the basic set, until the project is developed, the costs are generally not have significantly changed. Therefore, controlling the land cost is the key to get to the exact time of cost analysis. take some bidding strategies, strict control of surrenders and payment risk.
specifically, the Overseas Property cost control in the land targeted mainly adopt the following strategy:
⑴, transformation of the old block: active consultation with the government, preferential policies for as much as possible; strive to obtain a certain level of tax return; in land planning and design as far as possible under the conditions allowed for high volume rate, and indirectly reduce the cost of land.
⑵, the transfer of other developers (traded) of land: geographical location, location, environmental conditions, the project company's financial condition and other aspects of its survey carefully to reduce the risk during the operation (such as whether there is debt disputes); actively engage in consultations with the transfer to extend the payment period and reduce the cost of capital.
⑶, public bidding or auction block: Strengthening land area real estate market research and feasibility studies, to strengthen the analysis of competitors, so that the correct objective and tender. take some voting strategy, do the work of government authorities after winning the public relations and compliance at the signing the process of fighting for our land development, delivery to, and favorable conditions of payment, lower land costs.
according to real estate development experience accumulated over the years, the gradual establishment of the sea real estate has a land bank information system, the different
time, different regions, different sources of information on different categories of land, and the establishment of rival research system to ensure that the bidding process and the results consistent with our plans, bidding separately to minimize the cost of land brought about by the increased risk.
management of the sea real estate land costs, the primary responsibility of the Ministry of Investment and Development departments.
2, pre-expense management
upfront cost (about 2-3% of the total project cost is about), mainly referring to the design fees, construction costs reported INVESTIGATION Measurement Fee and the cost of
feasibility study, which focused on cost control for the design fee (reported to construction costs, inspection fees, a smaller proportion, and are generally related charges).
for design costs, mainly from the following control several aspects: 1) whether it is planning or general decoration, are taking multi-unit, multi-round bidding, in order to secure the best price; 2) strict control of design quality, as far as possible in the early stage of the project to determine the technical parameters of economic indicators, designed to prevent their failure causes increased costs, design costs of the audit, payment is also linked with them; 3) under the premise of quality to meet the design limit steel content, concrete content, node design, a great impact on project cost content; 4) results in meeting the premise of building control and building materials, decorative materials like closure of the project cost.
is well known, the design was decided that the project cost 85% or even more, so design and management (although cost of the entire design
only 2% of the total cost) is the top priority of the project cost management. On the one hand, contract and project structure should be actively involved with the selection of design, basic design, evaluation, participation in materials, equipment economic evaluation, designed to provide comprehensive and objective as possible for the economy of recommendations on the other hand, the design sector itself should be positioned as the principle of the project, guarantee the quality of design limits under the premise of the design as possible, focusing on cost analysis of design results , focus attention on design changes in advance, more sampling, more analysis, to avoid unnecessary after the completion of the cost of rework and waste.
design fees of the sea real estate management responsibility for the design department of the Department of Management.
3, Engineering cost of the project cost management
(about 50-55% total project cost is about), mainly by the sub-contract work and a cost for materials and supporting costs constitute
.
a sub-contract work and supplies for costs include construction, electrical installation, decoration, Indoor decoration, fire, weak, elevators, and other material supplied by sub-contracting to determine 通过招投标 / supply contract costs. We mainly through the following specific measures to control the sub-contracting costs:
⑴, early in the project (the project planning phase, design phase, construction drawings, design, etc.), according to the design depth of construction experience and past data, the market price factor, combined with the project market positioning, sales forecast market conditions By constantly adjusting the way as soon as possible amendments to determine the reasonable cost control objectives.
⑵, cost-control objectives is established, the cost of management (contracts, financial) cost estimates of the value should be timely to further split (eg, by construction, installation , Fire, weak, aluminum
⑶, specific indicators of project cost control and material selection of sub-contracting a guiding role. For example: design drawings wall with granite, the domestic materials and imported materials, result is not the same, the price difference is also great, when decisions need to break down after the goal with the project cost control localization comprehensive evaluation, selection, selection of alternatives or further, to meet the design and construction costs effect the balance of unity.
⑷, subcontracting and materials in the procurement process, adherence to the strengthen the management of sub-contractors, and improve pre-qualification bidding units, assessment system, in an open, fair and just absorb the type of broad principles of the contractor, in order to achieve full market competition, the ultimate goal of achieving cost reduction.
⑸, to strengthen the system of bidding units of the proposed standard. On the one hand, through the proposed standard to address the existing drawings of the bidding process, technology, time settings, and other nodes ambiguity, avoids these problems and contradictions into the contract which may result in post-site construction disputes, and price issues in dispute; the other hand, the competitive mentality of using the contractor offer profit sharing to achieve the cost to fall.
⑹, sufficient for building materials market research to learn about new technology, new materials, accumulation of a wide range of market information, factory units, in order to fully assist in the design department to design, sampling, sample letters, and related materials as an alternative to realize that the alternative construction plan, reduce the cost of the project.
⑺, design drawings, materials began to study the early model, perfect, tender preparation should start early. Gold can not be pure gold, no one is perfect, and our cost management, design management can not prevent the existence of certain professional unfamiliar, do not understand the situation
status of work in this area began early, in fact, completed the process of learning to prepare work for the formal operation next gained the necessary expertise and management experience, take a detour less costs to reduce the possible opportunities for the late indirect costs to achieve the control objectives.
⑻, sound design changes, site visa process, system, and improve the cost of design changes before the review system, a clear signature of the relevant authority staff. design change costs caused the project cost adjustment control of the important and difficult, because most of the construction drawings changed modified, the general can not be determined by means of the cost of shop around. only is the exclusive bargaining approach to the implementation of consultation. This is bound to bring increased costs.
we have implemented control measures are mainly: the cost of rigorous review prior to the change, specifically related to members of my signature authority, that is issued by the institute design changes to design drawings must be written confirmation from management, such as the amount of change involved more large (20 million or above), the author will discuss the general manager of office and then be implemented to determine.
a sub-contract work and material cost management for the primary responsibility for the contract administration department of the Ministry and the Project Development Division.
particular emphasis, in recent years, cooperation in the financial system, contract cost analysis of the Department of Management early warning system was established, and achieved good results. cost analysis refers to the cost of early warning system for management of departments and the departments concerned with the project different stages of development, the development of the specific circumstances of the project real-time, regular adjustments to cost accounting, and timely feedback on the cost of changes to predict changes in cost trends and, through various effective channels (such as cost control system for group meetings) to adjust in time to eliminate the cause abnormal fluctuations in the cost of irrational factors. In addition, students in the completion of the project, and by the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of the lead contract management, project development cost of the composition, distribution, changes in depth analysis of the process, and make a reasonable assessment.
4, marketing, cost management
marketing costs (about 5-8% of the total project cost is about), mainly referring to the formation of the project the type of sales process costs, including advertising costs, promotional costs, sales office expenses. < br> The main measures of marketing cost management for the following points:
1, the establishment of the advertising and marketing plans, budget execution and monitoring system. With the increase in company projects, marketing, advertising and promotion in
means increased advertising randomness enhanced advertising costs unpredictable factors also increase, and establish a sound advertising and marketing plans and budget system, is essential. The points system is that the accuracy of planning and budgeting , operability, targeted, on the one hand to ensure that macro-control project on the implementation of advertising and marketing expenses, on the other hand firmly grasp the characteristics of the market according to different project types of flexible media promotion measures taken.
2, and improve cost management, marketing, tendering system, improve the advertising offer, price, negotiation operation process, with competitive bidding and seeking the commercial production of high quality low price, control the cost of advertising costs.
3, discount points reduce the media release, media, especially newspapers, ads, advertising costs are the total proportion of forest, the main media advertising to further reduce the discount points can be directly reduced advertising costs, marketing costs for the control is effective initiatives.
primary responsibility for cost management of marketing department for marketing planning.
5, management cost control
management costs (about 2-3% of the total project cost is about), is a company, the project Ministry for the organization and management of project development
types of business activities costs incurred, primarily for the cost of human resources and administrative costs.
by the Human Resources Department is responsible for the cost of human resources, according to the progress of the project development and reasonable system size and staffing solutions ,
estimated cost of human resources. Administrative costs are based on the Group's annual management fee indicators issued by the project split into various departments, a department assessment indicators.
management cost control is mainly full set of measures to reduce costs, increase the effectiveness of the concept of opening a full range of project monitoring overhead
hair, such as improving work efficiency, reduce waste, reduce management costs and other expenses.
6, the financial cost management
financial cost (approximately accounting for 6-8% of the total cost), mainly for capital costs and tax costs, determined by the total project costs. Finance Project Development Department, in coordination with government departments well in advance of total communication for tax incentives, the controllable range minimize tax costs.
according to the project reduce the cost of project funding limits.
In addition, with the contract with the Department of Management to take appropriate pay subcontractors Liangkuan slow approach can also reduce the financial cost
Monday, December 20, 2010
Telecommunications Act Ten Questions
Ten Questions
world telecommunications law formulated mostly obstructed labor. America's new telecommunications law was formulated in 1996, and the century until the introduction in the late 90's telecommunications laws.
developed market economy countries like this, China is no exception. Since 1980, twenty-three years is difficult since the drafting of the promulgation of many reasons. First, the management system of China telecom industry in a transition period from planned economy to a market economy; Second, relations need to rationalize the market need for cultivation, competition need to develop; Third, the government's reform transition management functions. These all take time and practice. this country controversial.
contained after more than 20 Reform, China's telecommunications industry has finally from the enterprise from the witch hunt, the exclusive dominance of the transition to the current business a separate entity, independent operations, relying on the market, a number of competitive situation, but also faces not for the government to solve many new problems. China's telecommunications market, the need for new rules of the game has been ready to come Telecommunications Act, telecom companies look forward to, telecommunications consumers are hoping for.
telecommunications law should address those important issues? the Journal reporter recently visited the telecom companies, authorities, consumers and the senior members to issues of concern were discussed extensively, for the ten questions are summarized below Jina.
a question: is the market-based mechanism of the Telecommunications Act type or the type of government regulation?
in the system of socialist market economy under the Telecommunications Act, should be market-based mechanisms. At present, China's telecommunications industry, the management system, although the transition to a market economy, but the violation of a market economy law, operators, interconnection charges are determined by the Government.
an engineer of China Telecom Group on the disclosure, fixed telephone and mobile phone interconnection between the computational cost per minute has reached 0.17 yuan, but the current Government to formulate settlement costs only 6 cents per minute, which is very unfair.
last reporter to interview China Mobile Group Company of any corporate Cooperation Minister Ko, director of interoperability work he was when he told reporters that the government regulation type system, to support emerging enterprises to support the Government made some asymmetric price controls, such as telecommunications operators unfair settlement equal interconnection fees, but the government does not take into account when business calls between two operators does not flow etc., leading telecom operators not only for interoperability can not bring their own interests deserve the contrary, the more the more suffer through not only the operator to advance the emerging network interconnection costs, but also to make themselves into the competition disadvantage, watched his competitors take a lot of traffic diversion, in the end only for others to do the awake, this Peibenshengyi who would want to do it?
telecommunications industry veteran entrepreneurs and the unanimous will of are: the future of the telecommunications law, should be a complete market economy laws and regulations, ensure that the market mechanism in the regulation of the position, let the price lever to speak, to develop their own businesses based on market sales prices for their telecommunications, development of interconnection of the settlement enterprise itself price.
Second question: the Telecommunications Act will completely break business do?
reporters returnees have friends in less than six months time, actually frequently replaced a dozen phone numbers, move tomorrow to go running today China Unicom, the cycle of monetary loss time-consuming and laborious, time also argue: power consumption. can completely break business?
people do not negate the achievements of China's telecommunications reform, but the people not satisfied, although the independence of Posts and Telecommunications Commission in the past the solution, but by a monopoly into a monopoly of just two or three. We hope that the reform of China's telecommunications industry should be beachhead, thoroughly break the corporate monopoly of the telecommunications market. that people expected a lot from being developed by the Telecommunications Act.
is fair to both buyers and sellers in theory voluntary, consumer choice is the market consumption and refused the privilege to consumers. However, monopoly in the market conditions, the consumers of this privileged monopoly of force can only stand to be denied, leaving only to their frustration and lament. complaint? monopoly is another form of market hegemony, do not worry about losing as long as the monopoly market, confusion remains journey complaints. consumers are vulnerable groups, can only rely on legal support, protection. < br> Experts pointed out that to break the monopoly, must be progressively liberalized telecommunications market in China. we must first increase the number of operators to achieve a number of business telecommunications market, a number of competition; Second, conditions have the ability to operate single business telecommunications the whole enterprise business license issued to achieve cross-business, cross-competition.
examples of developed countries, a country's telecommunications market, only a number of management, long competition to encourage telecom companies to carry out price competition, promote deep levels of service quality competition.
Australia, for example, before 1997, the Australian telecommunications market by Telstra and Optus Communications (now known as SingTel Optus) company duopoly, many problems result, users complain; 1997 In July after the Australian telecommunications market is fully open, at the end of the year, 93 companies have received permits network operators, multi-level competition under strict supervision in the government, the market has not only arbitrary, but expanding, big, state tax increases, service quality improved. Some have worked in Australia, friends said, and now Australia, telecommunications users can really enjoy the to eat more than the six points, the adjustment of interests involved, there will certainly be resistance; reporter interviewed before in Hainan Province, Hainan Communications Authority lilac coat, he said, to create a comprehensive fair competition in telecommunications markets environment, in accordance with the existing six operators is far enough, according to WTO rules, and will not always exist only state-owned telecom operator, China's going to be a number of companies, business cross, long multi-level competition monitoring the situation, which requires telecommunications law to solve the problem, but the need for strict regulation and a strong law enforcement team.
three questions: How the Telecommunications Act to ensure the effective monitoring and enforcement?
How to clear all levels of law enforcement telecommunications regulatory authority and responsibility, a clear body of law enforcement, increased law enforcement authority and enforcement, but also a question of people's attention.
now from the former Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications Authority during the government-enterprise separation out of one. Telecommunications Authority and the telecommunications company now has a Interoperability has Nanjinrenyi? Results disorder is: a key moment to move on in key areas. So, the most effective telecommunications regulation should be just ineffective. now all around the traffic management control means of a single, mostly on the violations symbolic warning to fines, people say, the telecom operators, have not really even a fraction.
September 19, according to People's Daily reported that China Telecom Corporation of Hainan Province Hainan Branch of China Railcom because of the communication route set artificial barriers between the two networks led to The completion rate below 30%, which, Hainan Province, Hainan Telecom Authority communication out of the 30 million domestic first kinds of long-term unilateral monopoly fixed-line integrated sink mentality of mere 30 million fine is not enough to deter the fixed operators.
some industry experts believe that the future of the agency law enforcement authority, power and responsibility, and increasing government regulation and intensity of inputs; breaks the law on telecommunications companies, disrupting the market, damaging consumer behavior, provides clear rules and penalties for the punishment level, in addition to warnings, fines, suspend business for rectification of the In addition, the major parties should be investigated for legal responsibility and the responsibility of the principal leaders of business, and revocation of telecommunications business qualifications, held the highest civil criminal penalties, so earnestly curried operators, according to law. In addition, the state-owned enterprises, joint-stock enterprises and private enterprises, local enterprises and foreign enterprises, foreign-policy law in front, should be equal, without discrimination.
Four questions: Who will ensure the accuracy and fairness Billing?
in the consumer rights Dialogue interview rights protection, this is the telecommunications concern for consumers.
do not like the markets are due to weighbeam Duanjinqueliang the same standards, the current metering and billing telecommunications device two Among these are tricky, it? fair? who say where.
some time ago, Shenzhen China Central Television Station reported the public telephone billing problems. User talk only 40 seconds, the place of the public phone billing device is at one minute to charge, no one like this Detection monitoring meter, far more than thousands and thousands of the country? If each charging a dollar more than the daily average, the National not to receive tens of millions more? a consumer slaughtered a few cents may not be a problem, so tens of millions of ill-gotten gains arising from the issue be considered?
the previous Silver City office for billing and mobile phone does not match the actual talk time, by the consumer court, after sampling by the Silver City Bureau of Quality Supervision Test data show that the silver branch of Unicom 35 call, call duration measurement tolerance (positive deviation) of 34, 97.14% of the total number of calls; mobile silver branch 35 a call, the phone long-tolerance (positive deviation) of 31, 88.57% of the total number of calls. The former calls generated calls 17.81 yuan , measured by duration of tolerance,UGG boots cheap, multi-user calls received 5.23 yuan; which generate calls 17.25 yuan, measured by duration of tolerance, multi-income users 3.75 yuan. Silver City, so there rest of the country do?
journalists to investigate also found that Mobile, China Unicom mobile phone users roaming charges occupying two acts. For example, a foreign mobile users roaming in Beijing, when all of this phone to make and receive mobile phone users in Beijing, not through long-distance lines, but the two interconnection fees paid by mobile phone is entirely different, Beijing mobile users call addition to phone, basic phone calls as long as the payment of 4 per minute corner, in addition to answering phone calls to Beijing Mobile phone calls, cost per domestic roaming charges minutes, 6 angle; and if Beijing Unicom's mobile phone users, the call charges also to mobile users is completely different, and Beijing Unicom's mobile phone for calling, the cost of basic domestic long distance calls plus calls, in addition to mobile phones to receive Beijing China Unicom's mobile phone, then have to pay roaming charges per minute, plus domestic long distance, in turn, China Unicom mobile phone users roam the field to Beijing, Beijing, China Unicom's mobile users to call overseas mobile phone, or answer phone outside Beijing Unicom's mobile phone telephone, both parties have to pay long-distance calls.
caused due to this wanton misappropriation, Mobile, China Unicom two operators, not to each other mobile phone users roaming outside the local information exchange and sent to the other terms fee system. in accordance with the existing 7 per minute for long distance charges angle calculation, roaming in a field outside the networks of local phone and mobile phone call, Mobile, China Unicom total occupation of the two mobile phone users per minute roaming charges to 1 per 4 corner, who can considered clean, one year, the number of foreign national roaming to the Beijing phone? how many minutes of this call? by the two companies misappropriated roaming user calls the country Know to Beijing.
China's current situation is that the user unilaterally by only passive data provided by telecom operators to pay, who will monitor carriers for the consumer?
currently have this international telecom billing management experience, such as the British government in 1984 pursuant to British Telecommunications Act established the Telecom Regulatory Authority Oftel (The Office of Telecommunications), is mainly responsible for research policy development of the telecommunications industry standards and regulatory telecom operators to develop a third-party authority mBABT (British ApprovalBoards for Telecommunications), joint implementation of the telecommunications terminal equipment and billing systems certification.
interview hoping the vast majority of consumers in the development of telecommunications law, whether to require the establishment of government authority or a third party designated by the government telecom billing certification?
five Q: Who will solve the not a secret. We are on the broadband access business advertising when, after the actual installation of broadband, access providers told us before, the country limit, the user can only use the last-mile broadband.
no wonder that in the associations of this year network services during the first half received 906 complaints, compared with an increase of 266.8 percent over the same period last year, an increase of complaints from service class ranked first in the content of the complaints are mostly Gigabit, why do we actually use the speed of broadband users has slowed to a crawl? Why Broadband is not wide?
experts say, is the current billing abuses is a long time and billing, not by flow accounting, the use of information much less and use of information, and users to pay as much money. Therefore, the operator of the profit model can only be full for most of the users and access time, and not to efforts to broaden the network exit bandwidth, such information is bound to create high-speed Highway .
industry believes that the network billing system for a long time and has always been unfair, unless the infinite network resources, or affected only the consumers. telecoms law should address the stereotypes, the statutory rates according to the information flow network fee.
on telecommunications analysts believe that if the Telecommunications Act to develop a reasonable network traffic accounting standards, to a certain extent, can also play the role of intellectual property protection of the cultural sector. When a user downloads a movie from the network felt costs, compared to the cinema to see a more expensive, and when the pirates either upload or download movies, music, must pay a fee when the network traffic, then the law of value will play a decisive role.
from the China Internet Network Information Center, the latest figures, China's online population has reached 68 million; a market research firm Norson Telecom Consulting's China's broadband market research report also pointed out that China's broadband market investment will be in 2003 increase of 67% to 45 billion yuan, China in 2005, the number of broadband users will reach 2100 million people, about more than the number expected to double this year. This is a business opportunity, but also a storm, when the network is not resolved charging by traffic problems, will have broadband access providers are not only br> This is the telecom consumers are most concerned about the three.
they asked: Consumers and operators of consumer transactions are purely between the equal relationship between the operator is entitled to inspect the user's identity and must be used ID card to register for the telecommunications business? Caller ID is related to personal privacy?
reporters that most of these problems relate to user privacy. operators will say, checking identity cards to ensure security and telecommunications charges, the need for social security . According to a press know, the address is clear and fixed installed, the user can not leave; mobile phone why not sufficient, even if the user delinquent or criminal law and order problems occur, with the current electronic technology, the system can locate the boot of the phone to a specific location. As for caller ID, in fact, operators can achieve technically hide Caller ID, but now all the telecom operators would not just for the sake of users, they even denied to disclose the user's personal information would violate user privacy.
an entrepreneur, told reporters that his company had business volume sudden and dramatic decline in business for some time, a huge loss of customers, and finally verified, was his rival, to a communications company's business offices to pay telephone charges for the means he obtained the company's calls to print a list of competitors by This lured a large number of his company's customers, to make his company a huge loss. is no legal basis, the user only endure the sound of air swallowed.
Is not this strong evidence? According to key telecommunications business survey, more than 55% of people believe that the protection of personal privacy more and more difficult, the survey, 29.3% said that their most of the consumer objects that the future of the telecommunications law should protect the privacy of telecommunications users to make clear personal definition and requirements.
Seven Questions: Who will lift the user's communications security, telecom liability risk?
we all know, Present Status of China's telecommunications means many technical or human security risks theft of telecommunication lines, such as Pirates of the lines and telephone lines, mobile phones and machines, eavesdropping and theft of wireless devices through the mobile phone number, and the keyboard keys to bypass the user through the plane the user switches the switch settings Daoda phone (such as the switchboard of the hotel set up small), and even some telecommunication companies have been Daoda phone cards.
how to define the responsibilities of these security incidents? addition to those who bear the main responsibility for deliberately outside Daoda , and some have joint and several liability. Some manufacturers of communications equipment belonging to the technical design of the hidden dangers left behind, and some are carriers of Dao Da prevention, care caused by inadequate, and some may also be inadvertently stolen their joint and several batters responsibility. these problems, the current law has not clearly defined. So there phone Daoda who are first by consumers pay and the burden of proof, such as those found Daoda, and then sentenced by the Daoda responsible for repayment of Daoda calls. This is a high-handed bullying behavior of consumers, is extremely unreasonable. precisely because of the risk of theft hit full pressure to the consumers, telecom equipment providers fishes his carefree security risks in the system.
consumers Originally only as a communication tool to consumers, consumers should pay for his actions after the communication, telecom operators should be providing equipment for the consumer spending, network, systems, technology, maintenance and human services, which should also include network cabling equipment safe custody. all of these services are not in place and there phone Daoda, why should consumers use the communication tools and proof Daoda unilateral commitment of those responsible? to fixed telephone, for example, switching equipment in the engine room system and the process of connecting lines are potential safety hazard, consumers are powerless to fight theft, telecommunications law should clearly define the primary responsibility for these incidents, and joint and several liability, to distinguish between equipment providers, operators and the specific responsibilities between individuals, between operators and consumers to avoid risk.
by the Telecommunications Act provides a phone stolen fight the insurance program, telephone Daoda insurance carriers cover, this is a good way to solve the problem.
Eight Questions: value-added telecom business, Currently, mobile operators force open mobile phone text messages, voice value-added services such as telephone voice service, together with the amount of consumption charges along with phone, whether voluntary spending against the wishes of consumers?
high value-added telecom services, has long been the industry's rate of return open secret, such as mobile phone SMS value-added business communications company, which is divided into a ratio of the mobile companies take 15% value-added service operators get 85%. Therefore, some value-added operating companies for access to short-term profits at lawlessness, calls. for your selection, make sure you have a satisfied Tel hh also received a similar message. in the reporter's cell phone to text message content code 3883, said: A friend sent you a voice message, you can call 125 906 818 listen, listen to voice messages on the mobile company free of charge. The reporter called the number, was told that a sex audio content, 3 yuan per minute.
so many taken advantage of.
In addition, consumers as download ringtones, online registration, misuse, and often result in considerable costs a pen number; more unscrupulous operators of value-added services, often malicious wrong to issue some guidance information, so that users to waste money, beneficiary of his; some site registration only lead you hooked, but not to provide cancellation of operations; reporters in the usual interview process also found that some parts of the mobile phone operating companies, forced to the whole network users to send jokes, entertainment, message content, for some time, if not for the consumer to cancel the operation, it is considered the default subscription calls per month deducted from the royalty value-added services.
attention will be promulgated in the Telecommunications Act, ability to develop value-added services on telecom regulation and market control of business rules. reporter talked to a well-known economic experts, he said: telecom operators and consumers is formed between a communication between the supply and demand, telecom operators communication tools available to agents on behalf of the payment as currency, and even forced to pay, or even as the scale of the game industry in the world doubled, and the sluggish world economy, in sharp contrast to the annual global game industry output value of .2001 9.4 billion, has surpassed the film industry (89 billion U.S. dollars) in 2002 is to reach a record 17.5 billion. From a structural point of view, the online gaming industry, is fast, network-oriented development.
2002 online game market in China since the rapid growth of industry structure is the world's major impact on the game. China now has nearly 10 million online game market, including Softbank, Microsoft, a lot of capital, has put it as one of the best profit growth point to a substantial investment.
However, in September last year, burst from the
Many gamers told reporters that the network hopes to write rules of the game and control the Telecommunications Act, manufacturers and gamers to play a fair game healthy and safe environment.
Ten Questions: Solving the interconnection of telecommunications industry fundamental way in which?
Why China's telecommunications companies over the years can not solve the interoperability? experts believe that the problem is not a unified platform for public telecommunications.
now mobile, fixed-line telecommunications companies all are ; independent kingdom billions of billions of calculations, are state-owned assets, no one hurt. It is said that any one of the cable they have sufficient national resources to users, while telecom operators have to spend each year thousands of yuan of investment, upgrade their equipment system. as long as the , China Netcom, telecommunications, CRC is an independent 114 directory assistance, mutually unintelligible, and do not share a phone number the user needs to search more than 114 calls, is very inconvenient, this also involves the interconnection problem.
many telecommunications and economic experts presented a bold vision: from the long-term stability considerations, the legal establishment of the Telecommunications Act of specialized equipment for operating companies and network operators to the existing number of mobile, fixed line, satellite communications platform, the acquisition of existing telecommunications operators of communications equipment and network line resources, the establishment of two national unified platform for public use, respectively, the establishment of national communications equipment company and the national public network of the company; the newly formed joint-stock company implemented the two groups are the major telecom operators shares, respectively, to achieve common management and common operations.
all future communication equipment communication equipment by the state company building; all the communication lines by the national public investment in all of the company responsible for building the network. major telecom operators have paid the whole business license, rent public facilities of the operating companies and the public telecommunication line telecommunications platforms, sharing of resources.
experts believe that this reform will fundamentally solve the interoperability problem. With the reunification of the whole network of public telecommunications platform, but also does not exist interconnection between operators costs and avoid duplication of investment in telecommunications networks, redundant construction in favor of lower operating costs, telecommunications charges certainly can reduce the use of, the phone-line charges will subsequently be resolved, countries do not have to support the weak telecommunications companies, telecommunications charges, some were asymmetric regulation, enabling enterprises to competition on the same starting line.
this idea constructive and practical. The reason is very simple, like the People's Bank and the specialized banks, airports and the relationship between airlines as operators in the actual operation of the network operating company leased to the No. sources, the company leased to the network communication lines, respectively, the company settled to the two communication costs and line rental charges; if the existing extensive network of resources also included in this reform, the more difficult the national telephone, television, the Internet 3G network, select Europe's 3G, or choose our own intellectual property rights of the TD-SCDMA, the current controversy rather than consensus, each mobile communications companies want their own way. This is a matter of our national basic industries in the international telecommunications market as a whole breakthrough event, with national unity of the two public telecommunications platform, as long as the statutory standard of 3G TD-SCDMA, we will be able to become the world's 3G mobile phone users with the largest number of 3G network platform, 3G operators will be able to force the international giant, for its own sake must be integrated with our platform, following China's 3G standard; Since then, China has not only out of the use of European and American standards for 3G patent fee burden of thousands of yuan, and the 3G patent fee income in one fell swoop into the country for China's 3G national manufacturing industry to the world, bringing a broad market space for development.
world telecommunications law formulated mostly obstructed labor. America's new telecommunications law was formulated in 1996, and the century until the introduction in the late 90's telecommunications laws.
developed market economy countries like this, China is no exception. Since 1980, twenty-three years is difficult since the drafting of the promulgation of many reasons. First, the management system of China telecom industry in a transition period from planned economy to a market economy; Second, relations need to rationalize the market need for cultivation, competition need to develop; Third, the government's reform transition management functions. These all take time and practice. this country controversial.
contained after more than 20 Reform, China's telecommunications industry has finally from the enterprise from the witch hunt, the exclusive dominance of the transition to the current business a separate entity, independent operations, relying on the market, a number of competitive situation, but also faces not for the government to solve many new problems. China's telecommunications market, the need for new rules of the game has been ready to come Telecommunications Act, telecom companies look forward to, telecommunications consumers are hoping for.
telecommunications law should address those important issues? the Journal reporter recently visited the telecom companies, authorities, consumers and the senior members to issues of concern were discussed extensively, for the ten questions are summarized below Jina.
a question: is the market-based mechanism of the Telecommunications Act type or the type of government regulation?
in the system of socialist market economy under the Telecommunications Act, should be market-based mechanisms. At present, China's telecommunications industry, the management system, although the transition to a market economy, but the violation of a market economy law, operators, interconnection charges are determined by the Government.
an engineer of China Telecom Group on the disclosure, fixed telephone and mobile phone interconnection between the computational cost per minute has reached 0.17 yuan, but the current Government to formulate settlement costs only 6 cents per minute, which is very unfair.
last reporter to interview China Mobile Group Company of any corporate Cooperation Minister Ko, director of interoperability work he was when he told reporters that the government regulation type system, to support emerging enterprises to support the Government made some asymmetric price controls, such as telecommunications operators unfair settlement equal interconnection fees, but the government does not take into account when business calls between two operators does not flow etc., leading telecom operators not only for interoperability can not bring their own interests deserve the contrary, the more the more suffer through not only the operator to advance the emerging network interconnection costs, but also to make themselves into the competition disadvantage, watched his competitors take a lot of traffic diversion, in the end only for others to do the awake, this Peibenshengyi who would want to do it?
telecommunications industry veteran entrepreneurs and the unanimous will of are: the future of the telecommunications law, should be a complete market economy laws and regulations, ensure that the market mechanism in the regulation of the position, let the price lever to speak, to develop their own businesses based on market sales prices for their telecommunications, development of interconnection of the settlement enterprise itself price.
Second question: the Telecommunications Act will completely break business do?
reporters returnees have friends in less than six months time, actually frequently replaced a dozen phone numbers, move tomorrow to go running today China Unicom, the cycle of monetary loss time-consuming and laborious, time also argue: power consumption. can completely break business?
people do not negate the achievements of China's telecommunications reform, but the people not satisfied, although the independence of Posts and Telecommunications Commission in the past the solution, but by a monopoly into a monopoly of just two or three. We hope that the reform of China's telecommunications industry should be beachhead, thoroughly break the corporate monopoly of the telecommunications market. that people expected a lot from being developed by the Telecommunications Act.
is fair to both buyers and sellers in theory voluntary, consumer choice is the market consumption and refused the privilege to consumers. However, monopoly in the market conditions, the consumers of this privileged monopoly of force can only stand to be denied, leaving only to their frustration and lament. complaint? monopoly is another form of market hegemony, do not worry about losing as long as the monopoly market, confusion remains journey complaints. consumers are vulnerable groups, can only rely on legal support, protection. < br> Experts pointed out that to break the monopoly, must be progressively liberalized telecommunications market in China. we must first increase the number of operators to achieve a number of business telecommunications market, a number of competition; Second, conditions have the ability to operate single business telecommunications the whole enterprise business license issued to achieve cross-business, cross-competition.
examples of developed countries, a country's telecommunications market, only a number of management, long competition to encourage telecom companies to carry out price competition, promote deep levels of service quality competition.
Australia, for example, before 1997, the Australian telecommunications market by Telstra and Optus Communications (now known as SingTel Optus) company duopoly, many problems result, users complain; 1997 In July after the Australian telecommunications market is fully open, at the end of the year, 93 companies have received permits network operators, multi-level competition under strict supervision in the government, the market has not only arbitrary, but expanding, big, state tax increases, service quality improved. Some have worked in Australia, friends said, and now Australia, telecommunications users can really enjoy the to eat more than the six points, the adjustment of interests involved, there will certainly be resistance; reporter interviewed before in Hainan Province, Hainan Communications Authority lilac coat, he said, to create a comprehensive fair competition in telecommunications markets environment, in accordance with the existing six operators is far enough, according to WTO rules, and will not always exist only state-owned telecom operator, China's going to be a number of companies, business cross, long multi-level competition monitoring the situation, which requires telecommunications law to solve the problem, but the need for strict regulation and a strong law enforcement team.
three questions: How the Telecommunications Act to ensure the effective monitoring and enforcement?
How to clear all levels of law enforcement telecommunications regulatory authority and responsibility, a clear body of law enforcement, increased law enforcement authority and enforcement, but also a question of people's attention.
now from the former Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications Authority during the government-enterprise separation out of one. Telecommunications Authority and the telecommunications company now has a Interoperability has Nanjinrenyi? Results disorder is: a key moment to move on in key areas. So, the most effective telecommunications regulation should be just ineffective. now all around the traffic management control means of a single, mostly on the violations symbolic warning to fines, people say, the telecom operators, have not really even a fraction.
September 19, according to People's Daily reported that China Telecom Corporation of Hainan Province Hainan Branch of China Railcom because of the communication route set artificial barriers between the two networks led to The completion rate below 30%, which, Hainan Province, Hainan Telecom Authority communication out of the 30 million domestic first kinds of long-term unilateral monopoly fixed-line integrated sink mentality of mere 30 million fine is not enough to deter the fixed operators.
some industry experts believe that the future of the agency law enforcement authority, power and responsibility, and increasing government regulation and intensity of inputs; breaks the law on telecommunications companies, disrupting the market, damaging consumer behavior, provides clear rules and penalties for the punishment level, in addition to warnings, fines, suspend business for rectification of the In addition, the major parties should be investigated for legal responsibility and the responsibility of the principal leaders of business, and revocation of telecommunications business qualifications, held the highest civil criminal penalties, so earnestly curried operators, according to law. In addition, the state-owned enterprises, joint-stock enterprises and private enterprises, local enterprises and foreign enterprises, foreign-policy law in front, should be equal, without discrimination.
Four questions: Who will ensure the accuracy and fairness Billing?
in the consumer rights Dialogue interview rights protection, this is the telecommunications concern for consumers.
do not like the markets are due to weighbeam Duanjinqueliang the same standards, the current metering and billing telecommunications device two Among these are tricky, it? fair? who say where.
some time ago, Shenzhen China Central Television Station reported the public telephone billing problems. User talk only 40 seconds, the place of the public phone billing device is at one minute to charge, no one like this Detection monitoring meter, far more than thousands and thousands of the country? If each charging a dollar more than the daily average, the National not to receive tens of millions more? a consumer slaughtered a few cents may not be a problem, so tens of millions of ill-gotten gains arising from the issue be considered?
the previous Silver City office for billing and mobile phone does not match the actual talk time, by the consumer court, after sampling by the Silver City Bureau of Quality Supervision Test data show that the silver branch of Unicom 35 call, call duration measurement tolerance (positive deviation) of 34, 97.14% of the total number of calls; mobile silver branch 35 a call, the phone long-tolerance (positive deviation) of 31, 88.57% of the total number of calls. The former calls generated calls 17.81 yuan , measured by duration of tolerance,UGG boots cheap, multi-user calls received 5.23 yuan; which generate calls 17.25 yuan, measured by duration of tolerance, multi-income users 3.75 yuan. Silver City, so there rest of the country do?
journalists to investigate also found that Mobile, China Unicom mobile phone users roaming charges occupying two acts. For example, a foreign mobile users roaming in Beijing, when all of this phone to make and receive mobile phone users in Beijing, not through long-distance lines, but the two interconnection fees paid by mobile phone is entirely different, Beijing mobile users call addition to phone, basic phone calls as long as the payment of 4 per minute corner, in addition to answering phone calls to Beijing Mobile phone calls, cost per domestic roaming charges minutes, 6 angle; and if Beijing Unicom's mobile phone users, the call charges also to mobile users is completely different, and Beijing Unicom's mobile phone for calling, the cost of basic domestic long distance calls plus calls, in addition to mobile phones to receive Beijing China Unicom's mobile phone, then have to pay roaming charges per minute, plus domestic long distance, in turn, China Unicom mobile phone users roam the field to Beijing, Beijing, China Unicom's mobile users to call overseas mobile phone, or answer phone outside Beijing Unicom's mobile phone telephone, both parties have to pay long-distance calls.
caused due to this wanton misappropriation, Mobile, China Unicom two operators, not to each other mobile phone users roaming outside the local information exchange and sent to the other terms fee system. in accordance with the existing 7 per minute for long distance charges angle calculation, roaming in a field outside the networks of local phone and mobile phone call, Mobile, China Unicom total occupation of the two mobile phone users per minute roaming charges to 1 per 4 corner, who can considered clean, one year, the number of foreign national roaming to the Beijing phone? how many minutes of this call? by the two companies misappropriated roaming user calls the country Know to Beijing.
China's current situation is that the user unilaterally by only passive data provided by telecom operators to pay, who will monitor carriers for the consumer?
currently have this international telecom billing management experience, such as the British government in 1984 pursuant to British Telecommunications Act established the Telecom Regulatory Authority Oftel (The Office of Telecommunications), is mainly responsible for research policy development of the telecommunications industry standards and regulatory telecom operators to develop a third-party authority mBABT (British ApprovalBoards for Telecommunications), joint implementation of the telecommunications terminal equipment and billing systems certification.
interview hoping the vast majority of consumers in the development of telecommunications law, whether to require the establishment of government authority or a third party designated by the government telecom billing certification?
five Q: Who will solve the not a secret. We are on the broadband access business advertising when, after the actual installation of broadband, access providers told us before, the country limit, the user can only use the last-mile broadband.
no wonder that in the associations of this year network services during the first half received 906 complaints, compared with an increase of 266.8 percent over the same period last year, an increase of complaints from service class ranked first in the content of the complaints are mostly Gigabit, why do we actually use the speed of broadband users has slowed to a crawl? Why Broadband is not wide?
experts say, is the current billing abuses is a long time and billing, not by flow accounting, the use of information much less and use of information, and users to pay as much money. Therefore, the operator of the profit model can only be full for most of the users and access time, and not to efforts to broaden the network exit bandwidth, such information is bound to create high-speed Highway .
industry believes that the network billing system for a long time and has always been unfair, unless the infinite network resources, or affected only the consumers. telecoms law should address the stereotypes, the statutory rates according to the information flow network fee.
on telecommunications analysts believe that if the Telecommunications Act to develop a reasonable network traffic accounting standards, to a certain extent, can also play the role of intellectual property protection of the cultural sector. When a user downloads a movie from the network felt costs, compared to the cinema to see a more expensive, and when the pirates either upload or download movies, music, must pay a fee when the network traffic, then the law of value will play a decisive role.
from the China Internet Network Information Center, the latest figures, China's online population has reached 68 million; a market research firm Norson Telecom Consulting's China's broadband market research report also pointed out that China's broadband market investment will be in 2003 increase of 67% to 45 billion yuan, China in 2005, the number of broadband users will reach 2100 million people, about more than the number expected to double this year. This is a business opportunity, but also a storm, when the network is not resolved charging by traffic problems, will have broadband access providers are not only br> This is the telecom consumers are most concerned about the three.
they asked: Consumers and operators of consumer transactions are purely between the equal relationship between the operator is entitled to inspect the user's identity and must be used ID card to register for the telecommunications business? Caller ID is related to personal privacy?
reporters that most of these problems relate to user privacy. operators will say, checking identity cards to ensure security and telecommunications charges, the need for social security . According to a press know, the address is clear and fixed installed, the user can not leave; mobile phone why not sufficient, even if the user delinquent or criminal law and order problems occur, with the current electronic technology, the system can locate the boot of the phone to a specific location. As for caller ID, in fact, operators can achieve technically hide Caller ID, but now all the telecom operators would not just for the sake of users, they even denied to disclose the user's personal information would violate user privacy.
an entrepreneur, told reporters that his company had business volume sudden and dramatic decline in business for some time, a huge loss of customers, and finally verified, was his rival, to a communications company's business offices to pay telephone charges for the means he obtained the company's calls to print a list of competitors by This lured a large number of his company's customers, to make his company a huge loss. is no legal basis, the user only endure the sound of air swallowed.
Is not this strong evidence? According to key telecommunications business survey, more than 55% of people believe that the protection of personal privacy more and more difficult, the survey, 29.3% said that their most of the consumer objects that the future of the telecommunications law should protect the privacy of telecommunications users to make clear personal definition and requirements.
Seven Questions: Who will lift the user's communications security, telecom liability risk?
we all know, Present Status of China's telecommunications means many technical or human security risks theft of telecommunication lines, such as Pirates of the lines and telephone lines, mobile phones and machines, eavesdropping and theft of wireless devices through the mobile phone number, and the keyboard keys to bypass the user through the plane the user switches the switch settings Daoda phone (such as the switchboard of the hotel set up small), and even some telecommunication companies have been Daoda phone cards.
how to define the responsibilities of these security incidents? addition to those who bear the main responsibility for deliberately outside Daoda , and some have joint and several liability. Some manufacturers of communications equipment belonging to the technical design of the hidden dangers left behind, and some are carriers of Dao Da prevention, care caused by inadequate, and some may also be inadvertently stolen their joint and several batters responsibility. these problems, the current law has not clearly defined. So there phone Daoda who are first by consumers pay and the burden of proof, such as those found Daoda, and then sentenced by the Daoda responsible for repayment of Daoda calls. This is a high-handed bullying behavior of consumers, is extremely unreasonable. precisely because of the risk of theft hit full pressure to the consumers, telecom equipment providers fishes his carefree security risks in the system.
consumers Originally only as a communication tool to consumers, consumers should pay for his actions after the communication, telecom operators should be providing equipment for the consumer spending, network, systems, technology, maintenance and human services, which should also include network cabling equipment safe custody. all of these services are not in place and there phone Daoda, why should consumers use the communication tools and proof Daoda unilateral commitment of those responsible? to fixed telephone, for example, switching equipment in the engine room system and the process of connecting lines are potential safety hazard, consumers are powerless to fight theft, telecommunications law should clearly define the primary responsibility for these incidents, and joint and several liability, to distinguish between equipment providers, operators and the specific responsibilities between individuals, between operators and consumers to avoid risk.
by the Telecommunications Act provides a phone stolen fight the insurance program, telephone Daoda insurance carriers cover, this is a good way to solve the problem.
Eight Questions: value-added telecom business, Currently, mobile operators force open mobile phone text messages, voice value-added services such as telephone voice service, together with the amount of consumption charges along with phone, whether voluntary spending against the wishes of consumers?
high value-added telecom services, has long been the industry's rate of return open secret, such as mobile phone SMS value-added business communications company, which is divided into a ratio of the mobile companies take 15% value-added service operators get 85%. Therefore, some value-added operating companies for access to short-term profits at lawlessness, calls. for your selection, make sure you have a satisfied Tel hh also received a similar message. in the reporter's cell phone to text message content code 3883, said: A friend sent you a voice message, you can call 125 906 818 listen, listen to voice messages on the mobile company free of charge. The reporter called the number, was told that a sex audio content, 3 yuan per minute.
so many taken advantage of.
In addition, consumers as download ringtones, online registration, misuse, and often result in considerable costs a pen number; more unscrupulous operators of value-added services, often malicious wrong to issue some guidance information, so that users to waste money, beneficiary of his; some site registration only lead you hooked, but not to provide cancellation of operations; reporters in the usual interview process also found that some parts of the mobile phone operating companies, forced to the whole network users to send jokes, entertainment, message content, for some time, if not for the consumer to cancel the operation, it is considered the default subscription calls per month deducted from the royalty value-added services.
attention will be promulgated in the Telecommunications Act, ability to develop value-added services on telecom regulation and market control of business rules. reporter talked to a well-known economic experts, he said: telecom operators and consumers is formed between a communication between the supply and demand, telecom operators communication tools available to agents on behalf of the payment as currency, and even forced to pay, or even as the scale of the game industry in the world doubled, and the sluggish world economy, in sharp contrast to the annual global game industry output value of .2001 9.4 billion, has surpassed the film industry (89 billion U.S. dollars) in 2002 is to reach a record 17.5 billion. From a structural point of view, the online gaming industry, is fast, network-oriented development.
2002 online game market in China since the rapid growth of industry structure is the world's major impact on the game. China now has nearly 10 million online game market, including Softbank, Microsoft, a lot of capital, has put it as one of the best profit growth point to a substantial investment.
However, in September last year, burst from the
Many gamers told reporters that the network hopes to write rules of the game and control the Telecommunications Act, manufacturers and gamers to play a fair game healthy and safe environment.
Ten Questions: Solving the interconnection of telecommunications industry fundamental way in which?
Why China's telecommunications companies over the years can not solve the interoperability? experts believe that the problem is not a unified platform for public telecommunications.
now mobile, fixed-line telecommunications companies all are ; independent kingdom billions of billions of calculations, are state-owned assets, no one hurt. It is said that any one of the cable they have sufficient national resources to users, while telecom operators have to spend each year thousands of yuan of investment, upgrade their equipment system. as long as the , China Netcom, telecommunications, CRC is an independent 114 directory assistance, mutually unintelligible, and do not share a phone number the user needs to search more than 114 calls, is very inconvenient, this also involves the interconnection problem.
many telecommunications and economic experts presented a bold vision: from the long-term stability considerations, the legal establishment of the Telecommunications Act of specialized equipment for operating companies and network operators to the existing number of mobile, fixed line, satellite communications platform, the acquisition of existing telecommunications operators of communications equipment and network line resources, the establishment of two national unified platform for public use, respectively, the establishment of national communications equipment company and the national public network of the company; the newly formed joint-stock company implemented the two groups are the major telecom operators shares, respectively, to achieve common management and common operations.
all future communication equipment communication equipment by the state company building; all the communication lines by the national public investment in all of the company responsible for building the network. major telecom operators have paid the whole business license, rent public facilities of the operating companies and the public telecommunication line telecommunications platforms, sharing of resources.
experts believe that this reform will fundamentally solve the interoperability problem. With the reunification of the whole network of public telecommunications platform, but also does not exist interconnection between operators costs and avoid duplication of investment in telecommunications networks, redundant construction in favor of lower operating costs, telecommunications charges certainly can reduce the use of, the phone-line charges will subsequently be resolved, countries do not have to support the weak telecommunications companies, telecommunications charges, some were asymmetric regulation, enabling enterprises to competition on the same starting line.
this idea constructive and practical. The reason is very simple, like the People's Bank and the specialized banks, airports and the relationship between airlines as operators in the actual operation of the network operating company leased to the No. sources, the company leased to the network communication lines, respectively, the company settled to the two communication costs and line rental charges; if the existing extensive network of resources also included in this reform, the more difficult the national telephone, television, the Internet 3G network, select Europe's 3G, or choose our own intellectual property rights of the TD-SCDMA, the current controversy rather than consensus, each mobile communications companies want their own way. This is a matter of our national basic industries in the international telecommunications market as a whole breakthrough event, with national unity of the two public telecommunications platform, as long as the statutory standard of 3G TD-SCDMA, we will be able to become the world's 3G mobile phone users with the largest number of 3G network platform, 3G operators will be able to force the international giant, for its own sake must be integrated with our platform, following China's 3G standard; Since then, China has not only out of the use of European and American standards for 3G patent fee burden of thousands of yuan, and the 3G patent fee income in one fell swoop into the country for China's 3G national manufacturing industry to the world, bringing a broad market space for development.
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Cambodia, Thailand, was elected director of the World Heritage blocking action is not effective
It is said that, UNESCO, Paris, France October 26 meeting, Cambodia was elected the new World Heritage Site for any member of the General Council. The meeting of 186 member states to vote, Cambodia received 186 votes. This is Since 1951, Cambodia's first since joining the Committee for the post. 26, a spokesman for the Cambodian Prime Minister announced the news at night.
Cambodia to fight for the title of the General membership, to do a lot of work for the member given vote. Cambodia will seek to see the members of a major, one of the major, first in Cambodia that are well qualified to play this role. Angkor Wat in 1992, was inscribed on the World Heritage List, Preah Vihear temple in 2008 selected on July 7. Non-material cultural heritage has royal dance and shadow play, respectively 7 November 2003 and November 25, 2005 Selected World Heritage List. Cambodia should be to express themselves, fighting for the right time to talk about. The reason The second campaign will be the international stage, as the international community to maintain Preah Vihear temple on Cambodian sovereignty of a strong support. Of course, if there is no Thailand in July 2008 with great fanfare and openly compete for the occurrence of Preah Vihear issue Cambodia will be asked to do the General Council member of the World Heritage. However, because of what happened on this issue continue to fight, meaning it is no trivial matter. Cambodia is indeed the voice of the international social justice.
fact, there are big movements in Thailand, continued public opinion, the eve of the meeting at UNESCO in Paris, Thailand and some of the specialized organizations of civil society activities, the Yellow Shirts connected directly to the massive demonstrations of Preah Vihear area, to proclaim the sovereignty of Preah Vihear temple.
Thai officials do not want Cambodia to achieve this objective. during the voting period sought to persuade, not to add .20 on Cambodia also organized nearly 40 members of Congress to travel to France in an attempt to obstruct the balloting.
Cambodia in such circumstances to find it, One can imagine the joy.
elected the members of Cambodia, will also be some real benefits. reportedly the most direct is to be more conducive to the promotion of the country's historical monuments, so that more knowledge and understanding of the Cambodian people at the same time can improve the protection of ancient temples in Cambodia and technology.
Cambodia List of ancient temples are Boleinuoge, Ben Ma temple columns, the country covered bone tea, Pu Diego Cima ancient temples, ancient temples of Angkor Beery, general agriculture of ancient temples, Wu Shan Temple Gallery, Sambu prey ancient temples, and long handle the guitar and mime.
872 projects worldwide have included in the World Heritage List, of which 672 old buildings, natural heritage 160, non-heritage 40.
Cambodia to fight for the title of the General membership, to do a lot of work for the member given vote. Cambodia will seek to see the members of a major, one of the major, first in Cambodia that are well qualified to play this role. Angkor Wat in 1992, was inscribed on the World Heritage List, Preah Vihear temple in 2008 selected on July 7. Non-material cultural heritage has royal dance and shadow play, respectively 7 November 2003 and November 25, 2005 Selected World Heritage List. Cambodia should be to express themselves, fighting for the right time to talk about. The reason The second campaign will be the international stage, as the international community to maintain Preah Vihear temple on Cambodian sovereignty of a strong support. Of course, if there is no Thailand in July 2008 with great fanfare and openly compete for the occurrence of Preah Vihear issue Cambodia will be asked to do the General Council member of the World Heritage. However, because of what happened on this issue continue to fight, meaning it is no trivial matter. Cambodia is indeed the voice of the international social justice.
fact, there are big movements in Thailand, continued public opinion, the eve of the meeting at UNESCO in Paris, Thailand and some of the specialized organizations of civil society activities, the Yellow Shirts connected directly to the massive demonstrations of Preah Vihear area, to proclaim the sovereignty of Preah Vihear temple.
Thai officials do not want Cambodia to achieve this objective. during the voting period sought to persuade, not to add .20 on Cambodia also organized nearly 40 members of Congress to travel to France in an attempt to obstruct the balloting.
Cambodia in such circumstances to find it, One can imagine the joy.
elected the members of Cambodia, will also be some real benefits. reportedly the most direct is to be more conducive to the promotion of the country's historical monuments, so that more knowledge and understanding of the Cambodian people at the same time can improve the protection of ancient temples in Cambodia and technology.
Cambodia List of ancient temples are Boleinuoge, Ben Ma temple columns, the country covered bone tea, Pu Diego Cima ancient temples, ancient temples of Angkor Beery, general agriculture of ancient temples, Wu Shan Temple Gallery, Sambu prey ancient temples, and long handle the guitar and mime.
872 projects worldwide have included in the World Heritage List, of which 672 old buildings, natural heritage 160, non-heritage 40.
Thursday, December 16, 2010
Kai-fu Lee's third letter to the Chinese students ~ successful, confident, happy
Previously, many Chinese students and I share all about how to achieve excellence and excellence, how to become leaders and launched. Recently, Sina chat rooms and I received many e-mail, I found more Chinese students need to know not how from good to great, but how to positive from confusion, from failure to success, from inferiority to self-confidence, from melancholy to joy, from fear to optimism.
An extreme example is the 2004 February occurred in Yunnan University Majiajue events. Majiajue brutally murdered his four classmates. But Ma Jiajue was arrested conversations with the psychologist's opinion, he should not be an evil person, but a lost , lack of self-confidence,UGG boots cheap, character enclosed children. He and many college students, eager to know how to be successful, confident and happy.
my letter is for those who want to succeed but that the success of reach, eager self-confidence but always self-pity, longing happiness but I do not know why the matter of students happy to see. hope this letter will give the reader a new one on the definition of success, encouraging readers to understand and recognize themselves to be a happy person. also hope This letter will help readers understand the success, confidence, happiness is a virtuous circle: where you can get from a successful self-confidence and happiness, where you can be happy from the self-confidence and success, from success and happiness where you can be confident.
success is a
you the best American writer William. Faulkner said: community have a common problem, according to the hope that everyone develop a model to measure whether each person the pursuit of wealth, bear the brunt of all walks of life, the success of the evaluation of a person, more personal wealth indicators. However, with the best results you will be able to contribute to society? certainly happy to have fame and fortune ?
true success should be diversified. success may be that you have created new wealth or technology, may be brought happiness for others you may be on the job you get the trust of others, may also found the back of your self, inoffensive way of life. The success of each person is unique. So, Ling Zhijun in its ;. In other words, success is not to be compared with others, but to understand themselves, explore their goals and interests, efforts in pursuit of progress, so that my every day better than yesterday.
the first successful step: take aim in life, be a proactive person
Sina chat room, when friends ask what my goal in life, I was so answered: have the greatest influence (impa * t), can help themselves, help families, help the country to help the world and help future generations, allowing them to enjoy better, more efficient, can bring them happiness and joy . is my best think-tank, it has helped me many times to solve the problem of work and life. I had to give up work in the United States and moved to China was founded Microsoft Research China, because I think the latter is more work influence, and my goal in life is more consistent. In addition, when I received a letter from the students lost letters, write them a letter, I would think: ; I have an open three, He said: wrong. In fact, the meaning of life is that there really is. In this way, he might not go astray by.
so, whether to the truth, in order to influence, or for pleasure, family, morality, tranquility, knowledge, innovation hh Once the goals in life, you can like My goal in life, like under the guidance and decisively to make major life decisions. each person's life goals are unique. The most important thing is, you have to take the initiative to take their own life goals. But do not be rushed, more not to pursue so-called , because only one person can tell what your goal in life, that person is you. only one place you can find your target, that is your heart.
I suggest you close your eyes, the first one came back ideal for recording your head down, because the answer without thinking is the most sincere. Or, you can look back at your happiest, most rewarding of life is, is there something in common? they are likely to is the most motivating your life goal. In addition, you can imagine, fifteen years later, when you reach the perfect state of life, what kind of environment you will be in? what kind of work? one of the most fun What things? Of course, you may wish to talk about family and friends, listen to their views.
the success of the second step: to try new areas to explore your interests
you to be the best The most important thing is to play to their full potential, pursue the most interesting and the most passionate thing. When you are interested in a certain area, you will be walking to class or taking a bath when they never forget it, you're in the areas more likely to succeed. Furthermore, if you have passion in this area, you may neither eat nor sleep for it, think of an idea even when sleeping,Discount UGG boots, will jump. this time, you are no longer working for success, but In order to can do it well, you definitely do not release all of the potential. So I do not agree with every student pursuing the most popular professional, I think that everyone should understand their interests, passions and abilities (ie, EQ mentioned in the to human development and improvement of life and excitement. professional. If he left school at Harvard to continue reading and become a professor of mathematics, can you imagine his potential will be suppressed and to what degree? 2002, Bill. Gates, Microsoft's 25 years in leadership, but decided to Chief Executive Officer's job to Ballmer, because the only way he can participate in the work of his favorite mm as chief software architect, specializing in software technology innovation. Although the Bill. Gates is an excellent CEO, But when he he was named chief software architect, his direction of the company made a significant contribution to technology and, more importantly, he is more passion, more happiness, and which also inspired the morale of all employees.
An extreme example is the 2004 February occurred in Yunnan University Majiajue events. Majiajue brutally murdered his four classmates. But Ma Jiajue was arrested conversations with the psychologist's opinion, he should not be an evil person, but a lost , lack of self-confidence,UGG boots cheap, character enclosed children. He and many college students, eager to know how to be successful, confident and happy.
my letter is for those who want to succeed but that the success of reach, eager self-confidence but always self-pity, longing happiness but I do not know why the matter of students happy to see. hope this letter will give the reader a new one on the definition of success, encouraging readers to understand and recognize themselves to be a happy person. also hope This letter will help readers understand the success, confidence, happiness is a virtuous circle: where you can get from a successful self-confidence and happiness, where you can be happy from the self-confidence and success, from success and happiness where you can be confident.
success is a
you the best American writer William. Faulkner said: community have a common problem, according to the hope that everyone develop a model to measure whether each person the pursuit of wealth, bear the brunt of all walks of life, the success of the evaluation of a person, more personal wealth indicators. However, with the best results you will be able to contribute to society? certainly happy to have fame and fortune ?
true success should be diversified. success may be that you have created new wealth or technology, may be brought happiness for others you may be on the job you get the trust of others, may also found the back of your self, inoffensive way of life. The success of each person is unique. So, Ling Zhijun in its ;. In other words, success is not to be compared with others, but to understand themselves, explore their goals and interests, efforts in pursuit of progress, so that my every day better than yesterday.
the first successful step: take aim in life, be a proactive person
Sina chat room, when friends ask what my goal in life, I was so answered: have the greatest influence (impa * t), can help themselves, help families, help the country to help the world and help future generations, allowing them to enjoy better, more efficient, can bring them happiness and joy . is my best think-tank, it has helped me many times to solve the problem of work and life. I had to give up work in the United States and moved to China was founded Microsoft Research China, because I think the latter is more work influence, and my goal in life is more consistent. In addition, when I received a letter from the students lost letters, write them a letter, I would think: ; I have an open three, He said: wrong. In fact, the meaning of life is that there really is. In this way, he might not go astray by.
so, whether to the truth, in order to influence, or for pleasure, family, morality, tranquility, knowledge, innovation hh Once the goals in life, you can like My goal in life, like under the guidance and decisively to make major life decisions. each person's life goals are unique. The most important thing is, you have to take the initiative to take their own life goals. But do not be rushed, more not to pursue so-called , because only one person can tell what your goal in life, that person is you. only one place you can find your target, that is your heart.
I suggest you close your eyes, the first one came back ideal for recording your head down, because the answer without thinking is the most sincere. Or, you can look back at your happiest, most rewarding of life is, is there something in common? they are likely to is the most motivating your life goal. In addition, you can imagine, fifteen years later, when you reach the perfect state of life, what kind of environment you will be in? what kind of work? one of the most fun What things? Of course, you may wish to talk about family and friends, listen to their views.
the success of the second step: to try new areas to explore your interests
you to be the best The most important thing is to play to their full potential, pursue the most interesting and the most passionate thing. When you are interested in a certain area, you will be walking to class or taking a bath when they never forget it, you're in the areas more likely to succeed. Furthermore, if you have passion in this area, you may neither eat nor sleep for it, think of an idea even when sleeping,Discount UGG boots, will jump. this time, you are no longer working for success, but In order to can do it well, you definitely do not release all of the potential. So I do not agree with every student pursuing the most popular professional, I think that everyone should understand their interests, passions and abilities (ie, EQ mentioned in the to human development and improvement of life and excitement. professional. If he left school at Harvard to continue reading and become a professor of mathematics, can you imagine his potential will be suppressed and to what degree? 2002, Bill. Gates, Microsoft's 25 years in leadership, but decided to Chief Executive Officer's job to Ballmer, because the only way he can participate in the work of his favorite mm as chief software architect, specializing in software technology innovation. Although the Bill. Gates is an excellent CEO, But when he he was named chief software architect, his direction of the company made a significant contribution to technology and, more importantly, he is more passion, more happiness, and which also inspired the morale of all employees.
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